BE SURE TO FOLLOW DIRECTIONS

Be careful not to leave bowls, spatulas

or other equipment in the labthey will
probably disappear

Dental Materials Properties and

Manipulation. 9th edition
Powers & Wataha
--can store under 100% humidity
for up to 5 days without serious
dimensional changes but best to
pour as soon as possible.

Gypsum Products

Introduction
A. Gypsum found abundantly in nature = Natural Ore
B. Dihydrate form of Calcium
Sulfate
(CaSO4 - 2H2O)
C. CaSO4 - 2H2O + Heat = Calcium Sulfate
Hemihydrate (CaSO4 - 1/2 H2O)
D. Hemihydrate changes to Dihydrate + 3900 cal/gm
E. Gypsum Product + Water = Gypsum + HEAT
EXOTHERMIC

I. Dental Application
Cast, Dies, Models = Positive Reproduction
Used to evaluate the dentition
Fabrication of Restorations and Prostheses
Mounting casts on an Articulator
Molds for processing Dental Polymers
Investments for Castings

II. Manufacture (Calcination)

3 DIFFERENT FORMS from the Ore:
Dental Plaster
Dental Stone
Improved Dental Stone

A. Dental Plaster
Gypsum + Heat (open kettle at 110/120 C) =
Beta CaSO4 -1/2H2O
Beta Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Characteristics
Irregular Shaped Crystals
Very porous
Random shaped

2 Forms of Plaster:
TYPE I GYPSUM = IMPRESSION PLASTER
TYPE II GYPSUM = CAST OR MODEL PLASTER

B. Dental Stone (Cast Stone)

GYPSUM + Steam & Pressure @ 125 C
Alpha CaSO4 - 1/2 H2O
Alpha Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Characteristics

More Uniform shaped crystals

More dense than Plaster
Larger crystals
Smoother Particles

TYPE III GYPSUM = Dental Stone

C. Improved Dental Stone

GYPSUM + 30% Calcium Chloride Solution @
212 F produces Alpha form
Alpha CaSO4 - 1/2 H2O
Alpha Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Characteristics
Very dense crystals
Cubic or rectangular crystals
Large crystals

2 Forms :
TYPE IV GYPSUM = HIGH STRENGTH/LOW EXPANSION
TYPE V = HIGH STRENGTH/HIGH EXPANSION ( CASTING
INVESTMENT )

Summary
All have the same chemical formula
All have the same chemical reaction with
water
All have different physical properties

III. Physical Properties

A. Setting Time:

1. Working Time: Time during which the

material can be mixed and poured into
the impression
2. Initial Setting Time: usually 7-13 minutes
Material has passed working stage but not
completely set (no longer workable)
DETECTED CLINICALLY BY LOSS OF
GLOSS

3. Final Setting Time:

Material is completely set and can be
removed from the impression without
distortion or fracture
DETECTED AS LOSS OF HEAT
Usually 45 to 60 minutes

4. Setting Time Affected by:

Temperature of the water: increase
temp = faster set
Spatulation:
increase speed or time = faster set
Water/powder ratio:
increase water = slower set
increase powder = faster set

5. Control of the Setting Time:

Usually by the Manufacturer: slow/fast
Accelerators shorten set time: K2SO4
Retarders lengthen set time: Borax,
BLOOD & SALIVA

B. Compressive Strength
1. Based on the Water/Powder Ratio:
Plaster = 45 ml/cc to 100 grams powder
Stone = 30 ml/cc to 100 grams powder
Improved Stone = 19 - 24 ml/cc to 100 grams
powder
More water = less strength
Plaster = 1500 psi
Stone = 4500 psi
Improved Stone = 8000 psi

B. Compressive Strength
normal water-powder ratio (varies with
the particular manufacturer) :
plaster = 37-50ml water / 100 gm (18-31)
stone = 28-32 ml water /100 gm (9-13)
improved stone = 19-24 ml/ 100 gm (0-5)
19 cc of water is needed for all 3. Rest
is excess water to allow for mixing &
handling. This evaporates off.

 2. Wet Compressive Strength

Strength with some or all of the mixing
water remaining
Example : wet sponge
3. Dry Compressive Strength
Strength with all excess water out
Usually 2 times the wet strength
Example: dry sponge

Wet versus Dry

Compressive Strength
Plaster : 1500 to 3300 psi
Stone: 4500 to 8500 psi
Improved Stone:8000 to 17-18,000 psi

C. Surface Hardness:
Related directly to the compressive
strength
Highest in Improved Stone

D. Abrasion Resistance:
Related directly to the compressive
strength
Highest in Improved Stone

E. Setting Expansion
All show a Linear Expansion upon setting:
Plaster .2%-.3%
Stone .08%-.1%
Improved Stone .05%-.08%
They do not contract or shrink!!!

IV. Manipulation

Correct water/powder ratio

Add powder to the water
Mix on a vibrator or vacuum spatulator
Vibrate material into the impression
1. Avoids trapping air = bubbles, voids
2. Get stronger/denser model = brings
excess water to the surface

Dispensing the Material

Prepackaged

Can accurately weigh the

powder or;

Note Information on the Packet

USE ONLY FOR CASTS

NOT FOR IMPRESSIONS!!!

Add the powder to the water

No drying

Use a vibrator

No drying!!

BAD TECHNIQUE

POUR A BASE AFTER THE IMPRESSION HAS LOST

ITS GLOSS

UNTRIMMED MODEL
Next lecture we will discuss the trimming & finishing of the
models -do not trim before!!

Rubber molds may be used to form the base

Impression Removal
Remove the impression from the model
after set -- preferably no longer than one
hour after final set of the gypsum product
used

Bite Registration (Baseplate Wax)

Bite Registration with Coprwax

Using the Vacuspat

A Roggen-Berry
Production

Et Voila!!
thats it--Cakes Done
Bon Appetit!!

Happy Model Pouring!!!

THE

BERRY
END