Beruflich Dokumente
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PEMBROKE 237
m.s.bingley@gre.ac.uk
MECH 1064
APPLIED ENGINEERING MECHANICS
3 SUBJECT AREAS
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
MECHANICS
`
ENGINEERING DYNAMICS
Mark Bingley
Michael Okereke
Kaushika Hettiartachi
FAILURE
FAILURE is said to occur if the stresses causes changes in the
component that mean it is no longer fit for use
(it does not necessarily mean catastrophic fracture - separation of a
body into 2 or more parts although it could)
FRACTURE MECHANICS
Fast, Unstable, Catastrophic
BRITTLE FRACTURE
This is an example
of brittle fracture
caused by using
cold water for a
hydrostatic
pressure test and
then pressurizing
vessel. The
temperature of the
water caused the
metal to become
brittle.
BRITTLE BEHAVIOUR
Medium-High C Steels
Q and T Steels
Aerospace/Automotive
Al Alloys
Titanium Alloys
TOUGHNESS
THE RESISTANCE TO FRACTURE
TOUGH MATERIALS
Require large amounts of (Deformation) Energy
to cause Fracture
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Fail with low Energy input
IMPACT TESTING
Impact loading:
(Charpy)
final height
initial height
15
TEMPERATURE
Increasing temperature...
Impact Energy
More Ductile
Temperature
Ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature
16
IMPORTANCE OF CRACKS
CRACKS OR FLAWS MUST BE PRESENT FOR BRITTLE FRACTURE TO
OCCUR
In inherently brittle materials such as ceramics the cracks may be
sub-microscopic
However Larger Cracks Form Easily in Metals
During Casting
During Forming
During Heat-Treatment
During Grinding
Lines
represent
areas of equal
stress
Where lines
are close
together is an
area of stress
concentration
K Ys a
STRESS INTENSITY
FACTOR SOLUTIONS
(a), (b)
Infinite (large) Plates)
(a) K s
(b) K 1.1s
(c)Finite Plates
Y varies with 2a/W ratio
According to graphical solutions
Solutions for
(i) Circular cracks
(j) Elliptical cracks
embedded in
infinite (large)
plates
NOTE:
For Semi-circular
and Semi-elliptical
cracks at the
surface/edge of a
plate
The equations
given are multiplied
by the edge-factor
(1.1)
FRACTURE
FAST BRITTLE - FRACTURE WILL OCCUR WHEN:
K = KIC
Ys a KIC
KIC is the
FRACTURE STRESS
At Fracture:
Applied Stress ()
K IC Ys f a
IMPORTANT
Fracture Stress of a material is not Constant
It depends on the crack length present
Y a
K =
(MPa)(m)
K =
(MN/m2)(m1/2) =
MPam
MNm-3/2
CLASS EXAMPLES
1. A plate is to be loaded in service to a stress of 400 MPa.
Examination of the plate reveals a centre crack 10 mm long.
If the plane strain fracture toughness (K1C) is 70 MPam, is
the plate safe to be put into service?
2. A plate was found to contain a circular shaped crack 15 mm
in diameter. The plate fractured at a stress of 650 MPa.
What is the K1C value of the material ?
3. An aerospace aluminium alloy has a yield stress of 500 MPa
and a plane strain fracture toughness value (K1C) of
25 MPam. The design stress is half the yield stress. What is
the critical crack size (that would result in fracture). Assume
that the crack is in the form of an edge crack.
Q1 ANSWER
K s a
K 400 5 103
K = 50.13 MPam
KIC = 70 MPam
K < KIC
NO FRACTURE
Q2 ANSWER
Circular crack in infinite plate refer to fig 8.7(i)
2a = 15 mm
a = 7.5 mm
K
K IC
s a
2
s f a
2
K IC 650 7.5 10 3
Q3 ANSWER
Edge crack in infinite plate refer to fig 8.7 (b)
K 1.1s a
K IC 1.1s f a
500
a
2