To

To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Nautical almanac is ……………..

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 11

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Nautical almanac is a compilation of astronomical data

for the entire year. It provides ………..

p 161

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 22

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

OBJECTIVE
1. Define :
• Rational horizon
• Visible horizon
• Sensible horizon
• True altitude

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 33

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Rational horizon

Nadir

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 44

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Vertical circle

Nadir

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 55

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Zenith to the rational horizon = 90⁰

Z
R

Nadir H

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 66

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude

Z
R

Nadir H

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 77

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Zenith distance = 90⁰ - true altitude

= ZX or ZD
Z
R

Nadir H

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 88

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude

Z
R

Nadir H

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 99

 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude

RH

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 10

10
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude Z

RH

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 11

11
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude Z

RH

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 12

12
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Zenith distance Z

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

= ZX
= ZD
RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 13

13
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 14

14
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Visible horizon

RH

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 15

15
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Sensible horizon

RH

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 16

16
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Rational, visible and sensible horizon

SH

VH

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 17

17
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

OBJECTIVE
1. Define :
• Observed altitude
• Dip
• Apparent altitude
• Parallax
• Refraction
• Semi-diameter

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 18

18
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Observed altitude

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 19

19
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Rational, visible and sensible horizon

SH

VH

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 20

20
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Dip
SH

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 21

21
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Observed altitude – dip = apparent altitude

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 22

22
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Refraction

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 23

23
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• True altitude
SH

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 24

24
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Upper limb(UL)
SH

upper limb
RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 25

25
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Lower limb(LL)
SH

upper limb
RH
X
lower limb

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 26

26
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

upper limb

lower limb

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 27

27
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Semi-diameter

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 28

28
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

upper limb

SD

lower limb

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 29

29
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

upper limb

SD
SD

lower limb

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 30

30
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

upper limb (UL)

UL = -ve SD
LL = +ve SD

lower limb (LL)

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 31

31
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Parallax= angle at body

RH
X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 32

32
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• a=b+c

RH
b c X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 33

33
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• a=b+c
True altitude = apparent altitude + parallax

RH
b c X

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 34

34
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

S
I
O
D
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 35

35
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
I
O
D
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 36

36
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
O
D
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 37

37
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
D
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 38

38
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 39

39
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 40

40
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 41

41
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 42

42
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

S
I
O
D
A
R
S

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 43

43
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 44

44
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter
+Parallax

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 45

45
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter
+Parallax
=True altitude

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 46

46
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction (refraction,parallax and semi-
diameter)
=True altitude

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 47

47
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter
+Parallax
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 48

48
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 49

49
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Next : find total correction to be applied

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 50

50
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

OBJECTIVE

1. Find total correction to be applied

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 51

51
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

Dec 13
Apparent altitude 30⁰
Sun LL

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 52

52
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

May 13
Apparent altitude 30⁰
Sun UL

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 53

53
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

Apparent altitude 30⁰

Acamar

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 54

54
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

May 13
Apparent altitude 30⁰
Venus

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 55

55
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

May 13
Apparent altitude 30⁰
Mars

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 56

56
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

May 13
Apparent altitude 9⁰
Sun LL

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 57

57
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction = ?

May 13
Apparent altitude 30⁰
Moon LL

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 58

58
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Next : find the zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 59

59
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

OBJECTIVE

1. Find the zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 60

60
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

 Q1
• Sun’s UL Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’
• Index error(IE) = nil
• Height of eye(HE) 12.8m on 14 Oct

 Find the zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 61

61
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 62

62
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’

± Index error
Observed altitude 35⁰ 19.1’
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 63

63
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’

± Index error
Observed altitude 35⁰ 19.1’ (14 oct UL)
- Dip 6.3’ (HE 12.8m)
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 64

64
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’

± Index error
Observed altitude 35⁰ 19.1’ (14 oct UL)
- Dip 6.3’ (HE 12.8m)
Apparent altitude 35⁰ 12.8’
- Total correction 17.4’
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 65

65
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’

± Index error
Observed altitude 35⁰ 19.1’ (14 oct UL)
- Dip 6.3’ (HE 12.8m)
Apparent altitude 35⁰ 12.8’
- Total correction 17.4’
=True altitude 34⁰ 55.4’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 66

66
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 35⁰ 19.1’

± Index error
Observed altitude 35⁰ 19.1’ (14 oct UL)
- Dip 6.3’ (HE 12.8m)
Apparent altitude 35⁰ 12.8’
- Total correction 17.4’
=True altitude 34⁰ 55.4’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

ZD = ZX = 55⁰ 04.6’

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 67

67
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

 Q2
• Capella sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’
• Index error(IE) = 1.2’off the arc
• Height of eye(HE) 11.0m

• Find the zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 68

68
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 69

69
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 70

70
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 71

71
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude 23⁰ 13.9’ on 02 Feb
- Dip - 5.8’ (HE) 11.0m
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 72

72
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude 23⁰ 13.9’ on 02 Feb
- Dip - 5.8’ (HE) 11.0m
Apparent altitude 23⁰ 8.1’
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 73

73
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude 23⁰ 13.9’ on 02 Feb
- Dip - 5.8’ (HE) 11.0m
Apparent altitude 23⁰ 8.1’
- Total correction - 2.3’
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 74

74
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude 23⁰ 13.9’ on 02 Feb
- Dip - 5.8’ (HE) 11.0m
Apparent altitude 23⁰ 8’
- Total correction - 2.2’
=True altitude 23⁰ 5.8’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 75

75
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 23⁰ 12.7’

± Index error + 1.2’(off the arc)
Observed altitude 23⁰ 13.9’ on 02 Feb
- Dip - 5.8’ (HE) 11.0m
Apparent altitude 23⁰ 8.1’
- Total correction - 2.3’
=True altitude 23⁰ 5.8’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

= 66⁰ 54.2’

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 76

76
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

 Q3
• Mars sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’
• Index error(IE) = 0.7’on the arc
• Height of eye(HE) 9.0m on 02 Feb

• Find the zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 77

77
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 78

78
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 79

79
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 80

80
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip - 5.3’
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 81

81
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip - 5.3’
Apparent altitude 42⁰ 48.3’
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 82

82
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip - 5.3’
Apparent altitude 42⁰ 48.3’
- Total correction - 1.0’
+ 0.1’
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 83

83
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip - 5.3’
Apparent altitude 42⁰ 48.3’
- Total correction - 1.0’
+ 0.1’
=True altitude 42⁰ 47.4’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 84

84
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude 42⁰ 54.3’

± Index error - 0.7’ on the arc
Observed altitude 42⁰ 53.6’ (9.0m on 02 Feb)
- Dip - 5.3’
Apparent altitude 42⁰ 48.3’
- Total correction - 1.0’
+ 0.1’
=True altitude 42⁰ 47.4’

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

= 47⁰ 12’36”

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 85

85
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Refraction
± Semi-diameter
+Parallax
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 86

86
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Sextant altitude
± Index error
Observed altitude
- Dip
Apparent altitude
- Total correction
=True altitude

90⁰ - true altitude = zenith distance

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 87

87
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

Total correction includes refraction, parallax and semi-

diameter values

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 88

88
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

The corrections to be applied to the sextant altitudes

of the various celestial bodies are listed at page 152

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 89

89
 To
To Be
Be A
A World
World Class
Class Maritime
Maritime Academy
Academy

• Next : PZX triangle

Intro to Principles Navigation Altitude corrections /October 2008/MH/ 90

90