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Kultur Dokumente
Archana Anokhe
Roll. No - 20416
INTRODUCTION
THE EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE IN INSECTS
FORMS OF PARENTAL CARE
MALE VERSES FEMALE CARE
HORMONAL REGULATION & CHEMICAL SIGNALING IN PARENTAL CARE
INTRODUCTION
Parental care - any post-ovipositional behaviour that promotes survival, growth, &
development of offspring
(Tallamy et al.,1984)
A prime example - altruistic trait evolved to enhance the fitness of the recipients
(offspring) at the expense to the donor (parents)
(Wood et al.,1991)
Harsh
environment
Ephemeral
food
Predation
pressure
Contd..
For e.g.- staphylinid beetle, Bledius spectabilis live in intertidal saltmarsh, to prevent
flooding of their nest and anoxia of their eggs, females provide care in the form of closing &
few weeks of spring, so mothers has to compete for this resource with in a short time span
Specialized food of Cryptocercus spp. underlies the evolution of PC
Contd..
Cont..
Cont..
Types
Example
Plassid beetle Cylindrocaulus patalis
Treehopper Umbonia crassicornus
Guarding young
Poised to defend
Egg dumping or brood mixing
Formidable mother
Blocking entry
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a. Solitary wasp
b. Bembix sand wasps
Contd..
1. Trophic egg productions
To making the correct choice of which eggs to consume, chemical cues is incorporated into the
trophic egg
Passalid beetle ,if 3rd instar larvae stridulate, they are fed by trophic egg
(Philipi et al., 2008)
Burrower bug , Sehirus cinctus produce some trophic eggs at the time when they produce viable
eggs as well as after the nymphs hatch. It provide food , when mother go for foraging
(Hironaka et al., 2005)
Contd..
2. Attending eggs and offspring
Treehopper Umbonia crassicornus, mothers tilt their elongated pronotum and fan the potential threats,
protecting their young until adulthood
Offspring produce synchronous vibrations that inform the mother on which side threat is more
prominent
Females standing nearby, not only threatening potential predators, but also stroking wandering
nymphs (Lace bug)
(Windsor et al., 1994)
Contd..
a.
Guarding young:- Brazilian sawfly, Themos olfersii, continues guarding their larvae even when they
fully sclerotized & starts feeding
b.
Blocking entry:- In myrmecine colony major worker blocks entrance with its saucer-shaped head &
receives regurgitated liquid from a minor worker
Contd..
c.
Poised to defend :- Assassin bug & Shield bugs continuously watches her emerging
nymphs to
herself at base of a
communal breeding, egg dumping (lace bug) ,take-over of nests & offspring
burying beetle
is seen in case of
Contd..
4. Nest building & Burrowing
1. Deceiving enemies :- A bombyliid bee fly, Parasitoid of solitary wasp larvae lay several
eggs into the fake nest entrance made by the wasp
2. Hiding the evidence:- Synchronous motions of the front tarsi , rake the sand & producing a
characteristic pattern which hide its actual nest eg:-Bembix sand wasps
Contd..
Contd..
Types of care provided by either of the parent vary with the insect to insects
Dermapterans guard their egg until they hatch & cockroaches carry them in protective ootheca
(Costa, 2006)
MATERNAL CARE
o Maternal care is most exclusive form of parental care
o Damsel bug is a fearsome enemy of Lace bug , if given a chance will devour every last
nymph ,such case she diverts enemy by fanning her wings and climbing on its back
o Also guide the nymphs to an ideal leaf by blocking a branch which they mistakenly follow,
all too often she dies in the attack
(Noldus et al., 1991)
Contd..
Tortoise beetle Acromis sparsa arrange themselves into a symmetrical ring around the
hatchlings & allow them to reach near food sources in round up manner
Harlequin stink bug Tectocoris spp. defends her eggs aggressively because she lays only one
batch & are her sole chance for reproductive success
Cont..
P physical (nest, burrow, gallery tunnel, brood ball, etc.); B behavioural (i.e. defence
display, guarding); C -chemical (defensive pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm
pheromone , antimicrobial substance )
(Goershon et al., 2001)
Contd..
Many insects raise their offspring on organic substrates where Microbes is serious threat to offspring
development and survival either by decomposing their food resources or by directly infecting the offspring
Objective: To test the maternal egg attendance in the European earwig has a function as a social defense against mold
infection
To see the effect of egg attendance on hatching success
To investigated the potential roles of egg grooming behavior and maternal transfer of chemicals on hatching
Contd..
Experiment 1: - Effects of maternal egg attendance with and without mold exposure on hatching success (A)
and mean hatchling body weight (B)
Effect of mold spore exposure on the duration of maternal egg grooming was made over the course of a 75-min
observation period
Control
Treated
B
Contd..
Parameter
Control
Egg attendance
Treated
not attended
Egg attendance
138.08
130.21
59.85
80
50
75
1.68
1.78
1.57
not attended
55.34
7
1.98
Contd..
Experiment 2:- Effect of maternal presence on chemical compounds on egg surface
Change of total hydrocarbon quantities over time & total hydrocarbon quantities on
glass beads mingled into maternally attended clutches and unattended clutches
n-octadecane (C18H38)
Contd..
PATERNAL CARE
Exclusive paternal care has evolved in 8 order of insects
Males can improve females mating success by providing pre-zygotic nuptial gifts & postzygotic offspring care
Two ways in which female choice promote the expression of arthropod paternal care
a) Enhanced Fecundity Hypothesis
b) Handicap Principle
Contd..
Although sexual selection and natural selection can favour paternal behaviour, a number of parameter can help to
determine which has dominated in due course of evolution
Trait
Sexual selection
Natural selection
Iteroparous (>1)
Semeplarous (1)
Mating opportunities
Many
Few
Care interferes with female foraging Care may or may not interfere with
female foraging
Female preference
>1
Paternal selfishness
Female
Male
Case study
Female water bugs abandon their eggs to males that proceed to care for them. What has caused
such an unusual behavior?
An egg-encumbered male is placed in an aquarium, highest number (97%) of the eggs will hatch
Does this high egg survival rate depend upon eggs being carried on the back of a live male water
bug? If so, why?
Removing egg pads from the backs of six males, Smith placed each egg pad in a separate
fingerbowl in the laboratory ,none of the eggs were survived
Contd..
Males
mating
A male always
attractiveness
BIPARENTAL CARE
Dung beetle
the
nest
&
Contd..
Chemical signalling - important mode of communication between parent & offspring
Apis mellifera, larvae produce a brood pheromone that influences care behaviours of
workers
JH, regulate the trade-off between care for current offspring and the production of new
eggs/clutches
JH
Contd..
JH
Hymenoipimesis spp
Plesiometa argyra
2.
Ichneumon eumerus
Contd..
3.
Bee wolf (Egyptian digger asp) Philanthhus triangulam known as paralysis inducing wasp. Its venom
contains potent neurotoxin (Philathotoxin) that evoke neuromuscular paralysis Of Bee prey
Contd..
4.
(Delago et al.,2009 )
Protection of eggs is one of the most basic forms of parental care seen in many insects
Contd.
0.0007
No. of nymph
0.804
0.483
Contd..
1.23
6.4
14.4
4.6
0.62
10.0
Means of the future number of broods initiated (A), the mean length of those future broods
(B), and the mean future guarding duration (C) for females abandoning versus remaining for
Contd..
Parameter
0.007 nymph/female
0.005 nymph/female
0.03 nymph/egg
Contd..
Cost
Benefits
The egg guarding in Publilia concava shown the positive linear relationship between guarding duration and
hatching success
Females that abandoned immediately after egg laying suffered a 50% reduction in hatching success
Objective of study
1. To see the effect of parental presence on larval development
2.
P<0.05
Contd..
The larval development required is 10.20 +/- 0.37 ,11.40 +/-0.30 &13.14 +/- 0.45
days respectively in Group 1,2 & 3
Survival of larva at L1 is 97%,95% &90% respectively
Treatment groups
Offspring
survival
Parameter
Ni
L1
L2
L3
390
97
90
70
468
95
89
60
351
90
77
28
Contd.
Significant differences in the variation the number of offspring surviving to adult
emergence between three experimental groups
The number of adults that emerged was significantly different among the three
groups (X2 =11.96, df = 5, P , 0.05)
Compared
groups
Difference
1 Vs 3
3.214
1 Vs 2
28.13-25.93 = 2.2
0.47
2 Vs 3
2.75
Contd.
Contd.
Larval development was significantly shorter in the control group
The presence of both parents and brood mass were required for larvae to reach adulthood
The differences is due to better nutritional quality of the food prepared by parents through
the oral and anal secretions
Case study 2
Objective :-
Schematic diagram showing artificial vibration. Coiled a rigid wire around an electrodynamics cordless motor
glued a dead mother touching a mature egg mass with mid-leg
92.0+/- 13.7
39.4+/- 22.2
Duration of hatching
Rate of vibration
At 1st minute
At 8th minute
At the end
Duration of hatching
After 12 hour
After 24 hour
Duration of hatching
At 1st 15 minute
39.4+/- 22.2
After 90 minute
After 12 hour
After 24 hour
92.0+/- 13.7
Mothers were observed to guarding the egg mass without feeding for 6 to7 days
Highly synchronous hatching begins at 8.7 +/- 1.4 , which corresponded to the peak of the
maternal vibration
CONCLUSION
Parental care have many adaptive advantage
for offspring
Synchronous hatching promote aggregation of
young-one
Large scale aggregation of offspring act as
cooperative defense
FUTURE PROSPECTS