ch11 New

Chapter 11 Frequency Response
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
Fundamental Concepts
High-Frequency Models of Transistors
Analysis Procedure
Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages
Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages
Frequency Response of Followers
Frequency Response of Cascode Stage
Frequency Response of Differential Pairs
Additional Examples
Chapter Outline
CH 11 Frequency Response
High Frequency Roll-off of Amplifier
As frequency of operation increases, the gain of amplifier

decreases. This chapter analyzes this problem.
Example: Human Voice I
Natural Voice
Telephone System
Natural human voice spans a frequency range from 20Hz to

20KHz, however conventional telephone system passes
frequencies from 400Hz to 3.5KHz. Therefore phone
conversation differs from face-to-face conversation.
Example: Human Voice II

Path traveled by the human voice to the voice recorder
Mouth
Air
Recorder
Path traveled by the human voice to the human ear

Mouth
Air
Ear
Skull
Since the paths are different, the results will also be

different.
Example: Video Signal
High Bandwidth
Low Bandwidth
Video signals without sufficient bandwidth become fuzzy as

they fail to abruptly change the contrast of pictures from
complete white into complete black.
Gain Roll-off: Simple Low-pass Filter
In this simple example, as frequency increases the

impedance of C1 decreases and the voltage divider consists
of C1 and R1 attenuates Vin to a greater extent at the output.
Gain Roll-off: Common Source
Vout
1
g mVin RD ||
C
s
L
The capacitive load, CL, is the culprit for gain roll-off since
at high frequency, it will steal away some signal current
and shunt it to ground.
Frequency Response of the CS Stage
Vout
Vin
g m RD
RD2 C L2 2 1
At low frequency, the capacitor is effectively open and the

gain is flat. As frequency increases, the capacitor tends to
a short and the gain starts to decrease. A special
frequency is =1/(RDCL), where the gain drops by 3dB.
Example: Figure of Merit
F .O.M .
1
VT VCC C L
This metric quantifies a circuits gain, bandwidth, and

power dissipation. In the bipolar case, low temperature,
supply, and load capacitance mark a superior figure of
merit.
10
Example: Relationship between Frequency

Response and Step Response
H s j
1
R12C12 2 1
t
Vout t V0 1 exp
u t
R1C1
The relationship is such that as R1C1 increases, the

bandwidth drops and the step response becomes slower.
11
Bode Plot
s
s
1
1

z1 z 2
H ( s) A0
s
s
1
1

p1
p2
When we hit a zero, zj, the Bode magnitude rises with a

slope of +20dB/dec.
When we hit a pole, pj, the Bode magnitude falls with a
slope of -20dB/dec
12
Example: Bode Plot
p1
RD C L
The circuit only has one pole (no zero) at 1/(RDCL), so the
slope drops from 0 to -20dB/dec as we pass p1.
13
Pole Identification Example I
p1
p2
RS Cin
Vout
Vin
1
RD C L
g m RD
p21 1 2 p2 2
14
Pole Identification Example II
p1
1
RS ||
Cin
gm
p2
RD C L
15
Circuit with Floating Capacitor
The pole of a circuit is computed by finding the effective

resistance and capacitance from a node to GROUND.
The circuit above creates a problem since neither terminal
of CF is grounded.
16
Millers Theorem
ZF
Z1
1 Av
ZF
Z2
1 1 / Av
If Av is the gain from node 1 to 2, then a floating impedance

ZF can be converted to two grounded impedances Z1 and Z2.
17
Miller Multiplication
With Millers theorem, we can separate the floating

capacitor. However, the input capacitor is larger than the
original floating capacitor. We call this Miller multiplication.
18
Example: Miller Theorem
1
in
RS 1 g m RD C F
out
1
C F
RD 1
g m RD
19
High-Pass Filter Response
Vout
Vin
R1C1
R12C1212 1
The voltage division between a resistor and a capacitor can

be configured such that the gain at low frequency is
reduced.
20
Example: Audio Amplifier
Ci 79 .6nF
CL 39 .8nF
Ri 100K
g m 1 / 200
In order to successfully pass audio band frequencies (20
Hz-20 KHz), large input and output capacitances are
needed.
21
Capacitive Coupling vs. Direct Coupling
Capacitive Coupling
Direct Coupling
Capacitive coupling, also known as AC coupling, passes

AC signals from Y to X while blocking DC contents.
This technique allows independent bias conditions between
stages. Direct coupling does not.
22
Typical Frequency Response
Lower Corner
Upper Corner
23
High-Frequency Bipolar Model
C Cb C je
At high frequency, capacitive effects come into play. Cb

represents the base charge, whereas C and Cje are the
junction capacitances.
24
High-Frequency Model of Integrated Bipolar

Transistor
Since an integrated bipolar circuit is fabricated on top of a

substrate, another junction capacitance exists between the
collector and substrate, namely CCS.
25
Example: Capacitance Identification
26
MOS Intrinsic Capacitances
For a MOS, there exist oxide capacitance from gate to

channel, junction capacitances from source/drain to
substrate, and overlap capacitance from gate to
source/drain.
27
Gate Oxide Capacitance Partition and Full Model
The gate oxide capacitance is often partitioned between

source and drain. In saturation, C2 ~ Cgate, and C1 ~ 0. They
are in parallel with the overlap capacitance to form CGS and
CGD.
28
Example: Capacitance Identification
29
Transit Frequency
gm
2f T
CGS
gm
2f T
C
Transit frequency, fT, is defined as the frequency where the

current gain from input to output drops to 1.
30
Example: Transit Frequency Calculation
3 n
VGS VTH
2fT
2
2L
L 65nm
VGS VTH 100mV
n 400cm 2 /(V .s)

fT 226GHz
31
Analysis Summary
The frequency response refers to the magnitude of the

transfer function.
Bodes approximation simplifies the plotting of the
frequency response if poles and zeros are known.
In general, it is possible to associate a pole with each node
in the signal path.
Millers theorem helps to decompose floating capacitors
into grounded elements.
Bipolar and MOS devices exhibit various capacitances that
limit the speed of circuits.
32
High Frequency Circuit Analysis Procedure
Determine which capacitor impact the low-frequency region

of the response and calculate the low-frequency pole
(neglect transistor capacitance).
Calculate the midband gain by replacing the capacitors with
short circuits (neglect transistor capacitance).
Include transistor capacitances.
Merge capacitors connected to AC grounds and omit those
that play no role in the circuit.
Determine the high-frequency poles and zeros.
Plot the frequency response using Bodes rules or exact
analysis.
33
Frequency Response of CS Stage

with Bypassed Degeneration
Vout
g m RD RS Cb s 1
s
VX
RS Cb s g m RS 1
In order to increase the midband gain, a capacitor Cb is
placed in parallel with Rs.
The pole frequency must be well below the lowest signal
frequency to avoid the effect of degeneration.
34
Unified Model for CE and CS Stages
35
Unified Model Using Millers Theorem
36
Example: CE Stage
RS 200
I C 1mA
100
C 100 fF
C 20 fF
CCS 30 fF
p ,in 2 516MHz
p ,out 2 1.59GHz
The input pole is the bottleneck for speed.
37
Example: Half Width CS Stage
W 2X
p ,in
p ,out
C
g R C
RS in 1 m L XY
2 2
2
1
Cout
2 C XY
RL
1
2
g
R
2
m L
38
Direct Analysis of CE and CS Stages
gm
| z |
C XY
1
| p1 |
1 g m RL C XY RThev RThevCin RL C XY Cout
1 g m RL C XY RThev RThevCin RL C XY Cout

| p 2 |
RThev RL Cin C XY Cout C XY Cin Cout
Direct analysis yields different pole locations and an extra

zero.
39
Example: CE and CS Direct Analysis
p1
1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2 C XY RS RS Cin rO1 || rO 2 (C XY Cout )
1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2 C XY RS RS Cin rO1 || rO 2 (C XY Cout )

p2
RS rO1 || rO 2 Cin C XY Cout C XY Cin Cout
40
Example: Comparison Between Different Methods
RS 200
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
RL 2 K
Dominant Pole
Millers
Exact
p ,in 2 571MHz
p ,in 2 264MHz
p ,in 2 249MHz
p ,out 2 428MHz
p ,out 2 4.53GHz
p ,out 2 4.79GHz
41
Input Impedance of CE and CS Stages
1
1
Z in
|| r Z in
CGS 1 g m RD CGD s
C 1 g m RC C s
42
Low Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages
Vout
g m RC Ci s
s
1 g m RS Ci s g m
Vin
As with CE and CS stages, the use of capacitive coupling
leads to low-frequency roll-off in CB and CG stages
(although a CB stage is shown above, a CG stage is
similar).
43
Frequency Response of CB Stage
p, X
1
RS ||
C X
gm
C X C
p ,Y
rO
RL CY
CY C CCS
44
Frequency Response of CG Stage
1
p , Xr
O
1
RS ||
C X
gm
C X CGS C SB
p ,Y
rO
RL CY
CY CGD C DB
Similar to a CB stage, the input pole is on the order of fT, so

rarely a speed bottleneck.
45
Example: CG Stage Pole Identification
p, X
1
RS ||
C SB1 CGD1
g m1
p ,Y
1
1
C DB1 CGD1 CGS 2 C DB 2
g m2
46
Example: Frequency Response of CG Stage
RS 200
CGS 250 f F
CGD 80 f F
C DB 100 f F
g m 150
p , X 2 5.31GHz
p ,Y 2 442MHz
Rd 2 K
47
Emitter and Source Followers
The following will discuss the frequency response of

emitter and source followers using direct analysis.
Emitter follower is treated first and source follower is
derived easily by allowing r to go to infinity.
48
Direct Analysis of Emitter Follower
Vout
Vin
C
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
RS
C C C C L C C L
a
gm
C RS
b RS C
1
gm
r
CL
gm
49
Direct Analysis of Source Follower Stage
Vout
Vin
CGS
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
RS
CGD CGS CGD C SB CGS C SB
a
gm
CGD C SB
b RS CGD
gm
50
Example: Frequency Response of Source Follower
RS 200
C L 100 fF
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
p1 2 1.79GHz j 2.57GHz
p 2 2 1.79GHz j 2.57GHz
51
Example: Source Follower
Vout
Vin
CGS
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
RS
CGD1CGS1 (CGD1 CGS1 )(C SB1 CGD 2 C DB 2 )
a
g m1
CGD1 C SB1 C GD 2 C DB 2
b RS CGD1
g m1
52
Input Capacitance of Emitter/Source Follower
rO
C / CGS
Cin C / CGD
1 g m RL
53
Example: Source Follower Input Capacitance
1
Cin CGD1
CGS1
1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2
54
Output Impedance of Emitter Follower
V X RS r C s r RS
IX
r C s 1
55
Output Impedance of Source Follower
V X RS CGS s 1
I X CGS s g m
56
Active Inductor
The plot above shows the output impedance of emitter and

source followers. Since a followers primary duty is to
lower the driving impedance (RS>1/gm), the active
inductor characteristic on the right is usually observed.
57
Example: Output Impedance
rO
V X rO1 || rO 2 CGS 3 s 1
IX
CGS 3 s g m3
58
Frequency Response of Cascode Stage
Av , XY
g m1
1
g m2
C x 2C XY
For cascode stages, there are three poles and Miller

multiplication is smaller than in the CE/CS stage.
59
Poles of Bipolar Cascode
p, X
RS || r 1 C 1 2C 1
p ,out
p ,Y
1
1
CCS1 C 2 2C1
g m2
RL CCS 2 C 2
60
Poles of MOS Cascode
p, X
g m1
CGD1
RS CGS1 1
g m2
p ,Y
p ,out
RL C DB 2 CGD 2
1
1
g m2
g m2
C DB1 CGS 2 1
g m1
CGD1
61
Example: Frequency Response of Cascode
RS 200
CGS 250 f F
CGD 80 f F
C DB 100 f F
g m 150
p , X 2 1.95GHz
p ,Y 2 1.73GHz
RL 2 K
p ,out 2 442MHz
62
MOS Cascode Example
p, X
g m1
CGD1
RS CGS1 1
g m2
p ,Y
1
C DB1 CGS 2
g m2
g m2
1
g m1
p ,out
RL C DB 2 CGD 2
CGD1 CGD 3 C DB 3
63
I/O Impedance of Bipolar Cascode
1
Z in r 1 ||
C 1 2C1 s
Z out
1
RL ||
C 2 CCS 2 s
64
I/O Impedance of MOS Cascode
1
Z in
g m1
CGS1 1 g CGD1 s
m2
Z out
1
RL ||
CGD 2 C DB 2 s
65
Bipolar Differential Pair Frequency Response
Half Circuit
Since bipolar differential pair can be analyzed using halfcircuit, its transfer function, I/O impedances, locations of
poles/zeros are the same as that of the half circuits.
66
MOS Differential Pair Frequency Response
Half Circuit
Since MOS differential pair can be analyzed using halfcircuit, its transfer function, I/O impedances, locations of
poles/zeros are the same as that of the half circuits.
67
Example: MOS Differential Pair

p, X
p ,Y
p ,out
1
RS [CGS1 (1 g m1 / g m 3 )CGD1 ]
1
g m3
CGD1
C DB1 CGS 3 1
g m1
RL C DB 3 CGD 3
1
g m3
68
Common Mode Frequency Response
Vout
g R R C 1
m D SS SS
VCM
RSS CSS s 2 g m RSS 1
Css will lower the total impedance between point P to
ground at high frequency, leading to higher CM gain which
degrades the CM rejection ratio.
69
Tail Node Capacitance Contribution
Source-Body Capacitance of
M1, M2 and M3
Gate-Drain Capacitance of M3
70
Example: Capacitive Coupling
Rin 2 RB 2 || r 2 1RE
L1
1
2 542 Hz
r 1 || RB1 C1
L 2
1
22 .9 Hz
RC Rin 2 C2
71
Example: IC Amplifier Low Frequency Design
Rin 2
RF
1 Av 2
L1
g m1 RS 1 1
2 42 .4 MHz
RS 1C1
L 2
1
2 6.92 MHz
RD1 Rin 2 C2
72
Example: IC Amplifier Midband Design
vX
g m1 RD1 || Rin 2 3.77
vin
73
Example: IC Amplifier High Frequency Design
p1 2 (308 MHz)
p 2 2 (2.15 GHz)
p3
1
RL 2 (1.15CGD2 CDB 2 )
2 (1.21 GHz)
74

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Chapter 11 Frequency Response

High Frequency Roll-off of Amplifier

As frequency of operation increases, the gain of amplifier

Example: Human Voice I

Natural human voice spans a frequency range from 20Hz to

Example: Human Voice II

Path traveled by the human voice to the human ear

Since the paths are different, the results will also be

Example: Video Signal

Video signals without sufficient bandwidth become fuzzy as

Gain Roll-off: Simple Low-pass Filter

In this simple example, as frequency increases the

Gain Roll-off: Common Source

Frequency Response of the CS Stage

At low frequency, the capacitor is effectively open and the

Example: Figure of Merit

This metric quantifies a circuits gain, bandwidth, and

Example: Relationship between Frequency

The relationship is such that as R1C1 increases, the

When we hit a zero, zj, the Bode magnitude rises with a

Example: Bode Plot

Pole Identification Example I

Pole Identification Example II

Circuit with Floating Capacitor

The pole of a circuit is computed by finding the effective

If Av is the gain from node 1 to 2, then a floating impedance

With Millers theorem, we can separate the floating

Example: Miller Theorem

High-Pass Filter Response

The voltage division between a resistor and a capacitor can

Example: Audio Amplifier

Capacitive Coupling vs. Direct Coupling

Capacitive coupling, also known as AC coupling, passes

Typical Frequency Response

High-Frequency Bipolar Model

At high frequency, capacitive effects come into play. Cb

High-Frequency Model of Integrated Bipolar

Since an integrated bipolar circuit is fabricated on top of a

Example: Capacitance Identification

MOS Intrinsic Capacitances

For a MOS, there exist oxide capacitance from gate to

Gate Oxide Capacitance Partition and Full Model

The gate oxide capacitance is often partitioned between

Example: Capacitance Identification

Transit frequency, fT, is defined as the frequency where the

Example: Transit Frequency Calculation

n 400cm 2 /(V .s)

The frequency response refers to the magnitude of the

High Frequency Circuit Analysis Procedure

Determine which capacitor impact the low-frequency region

Frequency Response of CS Stage

Unified Model for CE and CS Stages

Unified Model Using Millers Theorem

Example: Half Width CS Stage

Direct Analysis of CE and CS Stages

1 g m RL C XY RThev RThevCin RL C XY Cout

Direct analysis yields different pole locations and an extra

Example: CE and CS Direct Analysis

1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2 C XY RS RS Cin rO1 || rO 2 (C XY Cout )

1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2 C XY RS RS Cin rO1 || rO 2 (C XY Cout )

Example: Comparison Between Different Methods

Input Impedance of CE and CS Stages

Low Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages