Introduction To LTE

Technology Evolution

Cellular Wireless System Evolution

1G

Analog speech
communications.
Analog FDMA.
Ex: AMPS,TACS

2G/2.5G

2.75G/3G/3.5G

3.xG ,4G

Digital modulation
of speech
communications.
Advanced security
and roaming.
TDMA and
narrowband CDMA.
Ex: GSM,CDMA,
IS-95
(CDMAtwo),GPRS

Global
harmonization and
roaming.
Wideband CDMA
Ex: EDGE, UMTS,
cdma2000,EVDO,HDSPA,HDPA+

Enhancement of the
Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access
(UTRA)
OFDMA, SC-FDMA,
MIMO
Ex. LTE , LTE-A

Evolution of Wireless Telephone Technologies

& Services

3G Vs 4G
WCDMA
(UMTS)

HSPA
HSDPA / HSUPA

HSPA+

LTE

Bandwidth

5 MHz

5MHz

5MHz

5/10/20 MHz

Max downlink speed bps

384 k

14 M

28 M

100M

Max uplink speed bps

128 k

5.7 M

11 M

50 M

Latency round trip time approx.

150 ms

100 ms

50ms (max)

~10 ms

3GPP releases

Rel 99/4

Rel 5 / 6

Rel 7

Rel 8

Approx years of initial roll out

2003 / 4

2005 / 6 HSDPA
2007 / 8 HSUPA

2008 / 9

2009 / 10

Access methodology

CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

OFDMA / SC-FDMA

What Is LTE??
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the project name of a new high performance air
interface for cellular mobile communication systems.
It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to
increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. Where the current
generation of mobile telecommunication networks are collectively known as 3G, LTE
is marketed as 4G.
It was started as a project in 2004 by telecommunication body known as the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the
corresponding evolution of the GPRS/3G packet core network evolution. The term
LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE.

LTE Evolution
Year

Event

Mar 2000

Release 99 - UMTS/WCDMA

Mar 2002

Rel 5 - HSDPA

Mar 2005

Rel 6 - HSUPA

Year 2007

Rel 7 - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)

November 2004

Work started on LTE specification

January 2008

Spec finalized and approved with Release 8

2010

Targeted first deployment

LTE Advantages
Increased peak data rate, e.g.100 Mbps (downlink) & 50 Mbps (uplink),
Improved spectrum efficiency, e.g. 2-4 times compared to 3GPP Release 6,
Improved latency, Radio access network latency (user plane Network UE) below 30 ms,
Significantly reduced control plane latency, e.g. idle to active <100 ms,
Supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz as well as both FDD and TDD.
Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-3GPPspecified systems,
Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul,
Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS domain
Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (E-MBMS)
8

Multipath-Induced Time Delays Result in

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

y(t ) S (t ) S (t m) n(t )
y(t) : output signal
S(t) : input signal
S(t-m) : delayed m time input signal
n(t) : noise

S(t-m)
S(t)

y(t)

Frequency Selective Fading

The coherence bandwidth of the channel is smaller than the bandwidth of the signal

Frequency Correlation > 0.9

Bc = 1 / 50 is r.m.s. delay spread

It may be useless for increasing transmission power

What is OFDM ?
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
(OFDM) is a multicarrier transmission
technique, which divides the available
spectrum into many subcarriers, each one
being modulated by a low data rate stream.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of
the popular orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation
scheme.

11

OFDM vs OFDMA

12

Block Diagram of OFDMA

13

Cyclic Prefixes

14

OFDMA Parameterization
1- Frame Structure Type 1

2- Frame Structure Type 2

15

OFDMA Parameterization

Uplink- Downlink Configurations of LTE TDD

Special Sub-frame Configurations in TD- LTE

16

OFDMA Parameterization

Number of resource blocks for different LTE bandwidths (FDD and TDD )

Downlink frame structure parameterization (FDD and TDD)

17

OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

(example for normal cyclic prefix)

OFDMA Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages :
High spectral efficiency due to efficient use of available bandwidth,
Scalable bandwidths and data rates,
Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference, Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and fading caused by
multipath propagation
Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex equalization - 1-tap equalization in frequency
domain,
Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors,

Disadvantages
Very sensitive to frequency synchronization,
Phase noise, frequency and clock offset,
Sensitive to Doppler shift,
Guard interval required to minimize effects of ISI and ICI,
High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), due to the independent phases of the sub-carriers mean that they
will often combine constructively,
High-resolution DAC and ADC required,
Requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power efficiency,
Any non-linearity will cause intermodulation distortion raising phase noise, causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
and out-of-band spurious radiation.

SC-FDMA ( Single Carrier Frequency Domain

Multiple Access)

SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.

Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing,
and frequency domain equalization.
It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.
SC-FDMA is currently adopted as the uplink multiple access scheme in 3GPP LTE.
A variant of SC-FDMA using code spreading is used in 3GPP2 UMB uplink.
802.16m also considering it for uplink.

SC-FDMA Block Diagram

SCDMA Parameterization

Uplink frame structure parameterization (FDD and TDD)

LTE Downlink Channels

LTE Downlink Logical Channels

Paging Control
Channel
(PCCH)

A downlink channel that transfers paging information

and system information change notifications.
This channel is used for paging when the channel
does not know the location cell of the UE

Broadcast Control
Channel
(BCCH)

A downlink channel for broadcasting system control

information

Common Control
Channel
(CCCH)

Channel for transmitting control information between

the UEs and network.
This channel is used for UEs having no RRC
connection with the network .

LTE Downlink Logical Channels

Dedicated Control
Channel
(DCCH)

A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control

information between a UE and the network.
Used by UEs having an RRC connection.

Dedicated Traffic
Channel
(DTCH)

A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user

information.
Can exist both in UL and DL.

Multicast Control
Channel
(MCCH)

A point-to-multipoint downlink channel used for transmitting MBMS

control information from the network to the UE, for one or several
MTCHs.
This channel is only used by UEs that receive MBMS .

Multicast Traffic
Channel
(MTCH)

A point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting traffic data from

the network to the UE.
This channel is only used by UEs that receive MBMS .

LTE Downlink Transport Channels

Paging Channel
(PCH)

Broadcast Channel
(BCH)

Multicast Channel
(MCH)

Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable power saving

Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell.
Mapped to physical resources which can be used dynamically also for
traffic/ other control channels

Fixed , pre-defined transport format

Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell

Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell.

Supports MBSFN combining of MBMS Transmission on multiple cells;
Supports semi static resource allocation e.g. with a time frame of a
long cyclic prefix .

LTE Downlink Transport Channels

.

Downlink Shared
Channel
(DL- SCH)

Supports Hybrid ARQ

Supports dynamic link adaption by varying the modulation, coding and
transmit power.
Optionally supports broadcast in the entire cell
Optionally supports beam-forming
Supports both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation
Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving
Supports MBMS transmission

27

LTE Downlink Physical Channels

Physical Downlink
Shared Channel
(PDSCH)

Physical Downlink
Control Channel
(PDCCH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ
Indicator Channel
(PHICH)

Carries the DL-SCH and PCH

QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation

Informs the UE about the resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH , and
Hybrid ARQ information related to DL-SCH
Carries the uplink scheduling grant
QPSK modulation

Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/ NAKs in the response to uplink transmissions

QPSK modulation

LTE Downlink Physical Channels

Physical Broadcast
Channel
(PBCH)

Physical Multicast
Channel

(PMCH)

The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four sub frames within a
40 ms interval.40ms timing is blindly detected, i.e. there is no explicit
signaling indicating 40 ms timing
Each sub-frame assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be
decoded from a single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel
conditions
QPSK modulation

Carries the MCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM modulation.

LTE Uplink Channels

LTE Uplink Logical Channels

Common Control
Channel
(CCCH)

Dedicated Control
Channel
(DCCH)
Dedicated Traffic
Channel
(DTCH)

Channel for transmitting control information between UEs and networks

This channel is used for UEs having no RRC connection with the
network

A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control

information between a UE and the network
Used by the UEs having an RRC connection

A point-to-point channel dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user

information
A DTCH can exist on both UL and DL

LTE Uplink Transport Channels

Random Access
Channel
(RACH)

Uplink Shared
Channel
(UL-SCH)

Channel carries minimal information

Transmissions on the channel may be lost due to collisions

Optional support for beam forming

Supports dynamic link adaption by varying the transmit power and the
potentially modulation and coding
Supports hybrid ARQ
Supports dynamic and semi-static resource allocation

LTE Uplink Physical Channels

Physical Radio
Access Channel
(PRACH)

Carries the random access preamble

The random access preambles are generated from the Zadoff-Chu
sequences with the zero co-relation zone , generated from one or
several root Zadoff-Chu sequences.

Physical Uplink
Shared Channel
(PUSCH)

Carries the UL-SCH

QPSK, 16 QAM , 64 QAM modulation

Packet Uplink
Control Channel
(PUCCH)

Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/ NAKs in the response to uplink transmissions

Carries Scheduling request
Carries CQI reports
BPSK and QPSK modulation

Multi-Antenna Techniques

Single Input Single Output(SISO)

Shannon-Hartley theorem : C=B log2 (1+S/N)

Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)

Shannon-Hartley theorem : C = MB log2 (1+S/N)

Single User MIMO & Multi User MIMO

Single User MIMO increases

data rate of single UE

Multi User MIMO helps in increasing

overall capacity, useful in the Uplink,
a.k.a Collaborative MIMO

APPENDIX

Confidential

38

Spatial Multiplexing

Downlink MIMO Modes

Channel State Information

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