PERIODIC TABLE

Further Chemistry
Gill Daddow

Mendeleev Creator of the

modern Periodic Table!

PERIODS
Horizontal rows are called
PERIODS.
Atomic number increases by 1 as
you read from left to right.
Atoms in the same period do
not necessarily have similar
properties.

Atoms towards the left of the

period are metals
Atoms towards the right third of
the period are non metals

GROUPS
Vertical columns are called

GROUPS

Members of same group have

SAME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Graduation in their chemical reactivity

Size of the atoms increase as you read down the group

Groups are usually numbered from 1 to 18

Older versions use Roman numerals like this

Older version of numbering.

and sometimes the s,p,d

block elements are shown

GROUP I

ALKALI METALS
Silvery, soft (or liquid at RT)
Each has only one electron in its outermost shell

Make 1+ ions (oxidation number of 1+)

React readily and vigorously with water to produce a
hydroxide (hence the name alkali)

Task: Know this balanced equation

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH (aq) + H2(g)

GROUP I
React readily with oxygen in air to form metal oxides
eg. 4Li + O2 2Li20

Never found in the environment as NATIVE METALS

Stored under oil or in vacuum

GROUP I
Also found in nature as their chloride
compounds eg.

Halite NaCl
Sylvite KCl

GROUP I
Reactivity INCREASES as you read DOWN the group

Caesium!!!!

GROUP I
The further away from the nucleus the
outermost electron is - the easier it is to be
lost to another atom.
It takes much less energy for ceasium to
form its ion than lithium to form its ion. ie.
it has a lower IONISATION ENERGY.

Ionisation energy is governed by:

the charge on the nucleus,
the amount of screening by the inner electrons,
the distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus.

GROUP I
The radius of an atom is governed by..
the number of layers of electrons around the nucleus
the pull the outer electrons feel from the nucleus.

GROUP 2
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Also react with water to produce a hydroxide
Each has only two electrons in its outermost shell
Make 2+ ions (oxidation number of 2+)
Chemical activity increases with increasing radius
therefore increases as you read down the group.

GROUP 2
Not found as native elements but as compounds.
Here are just a few examples

Beryllium silicate (beryl)

Magnesium carbonate (magnesite)
Calcium carbonate (calcite)
Strontium carbonate (strontianite)
Barium sulfate (barite)

Hard Water
Hard water contains appreciable amounts of
calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in it.
Cause scum with soap and scale in boilers &
kettles.
Calcium & magnesium salts originate from the
carbonates in underlying rocks.

Radium
Radioactive chemical element
Pure white but readily oxidizes on exposure to air,
turning black.
Found in trace amounts in uranium ores.
Extremely radioactive.
Most stable isotope, 226Ra, has a half-life of 1602
years
Decays into radon gas.

TRANSITION METALS
Elements in central part of the table
Sometimes called groups IIIB, IVB, VB
More recently called groups 3-12
Called transition as their chemical and physical properties vary

Some have variable oxidation numbers because

electrons can jump between the outermost shell and
the partially filled penultimate shell eg.
Cu(I) & Cu (II)

Know
this!

Fe(II) & Fe(III)

Mn(II) & Mn(IV) & Mn(VII)

Valuable eg.

construction materials

catalysts

for chemical reactions (especially nickel, platinum, vandium)

TRANSITION METALS
The less reactive transition metals can be found naturally as NATIVE METALS

Copper
Mercury

Silver
Gold
Platinum

TRANSITION METALS

Purifying Copper by Electrolysis

At the anode Cu (s) Cu2+(aq) - 2eAt the cathode Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu (s)

COPPER
Relatively unreactive therefore corrodes
(oxidises) slowly.
Conducts electricity
Malleable and ductile (sheets, pipes, wires)
Alloyed with tin (bronze) and with zinc (brass)
to improve its mechanical properties eg. Reduce
friction.

IRON
Iron is found as a multitude of iron containing
compounds. Hematite is one of the most common
ores and contains iron as iron oxide.

Extracting Iron from Iron Oxide

Smelting with carbon

Titanium
Lightweight but strong
Protected by an oxide layer so doesnt corrode
Withstands very high temperatures - used in
nuclear reactors
Used in air-craft and racing bikes and prosthetic
hips.

POOR METALS
Generally taken to include aluminium, gallium, indium, tin, thallium,
lead, and bismuth. Occasionally germanium, antimony, and polonium
Compared to transition metals
Have lower melting and boiling points
Softer
Again used in construction and as catalysts.

METALLOIDS

METALLOIDS
The elements in groups 13 to 16 show a mixture of physical and chemical
properties.
A metalloid (semi-metal) has the physical appearance and properties of a metal
but behaves chemically like a nonmetal.
The distinction between metals and metalloids and nonmetals is not precise.
SILICON, BORON and GERMANIUM used as SEMI-CONDUCTORS

SILICON
The second most abundant element in the Earths crust
after oxygen
Seldom found naturally in its native elemental form
Usually silicon dioxide (aka silica)
Or as silicate compounds SiO44 Silicon bond together to form long chain compounds
called silicones

GROUP 13-17

NON METALS
Poor conductors of electricity (except graphite)
Not ductile or malleable
Low melting points many are liquid or gases at room temperature
On their own they can form anions eg. C2-, O2-, S2-(therefore negative oxidation numbers)

Make covalen bonds with oxygen to form anions eg. CO32-, SO42-, NO3-, SiO44-,PO43-

GROUP 13-17

NON METALS
When carbon, nitrogen, phoshphorus or sulfur react with oxygen, they for oxides which dissolve in water to form the
following acids

Carbonic acid H2CO3

Nitric acid HNO3
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Group 17 (VII)

HALOGENS
Chemically similar each has SEVEN electrons in its outermost shell

They make 1- ions (oxidation number of 1-)

Also make covalent compounds
Element is diatomic ie. F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Group 17 (VII)

HALOGENS
The further away from the nucleus the outermost shell
is, the more difficult it is for the atom to gain an
electron from another atom.

Fluorine readily and vigorously reacts and ionises &

iodine is the least reactive of the group

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the
tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
The Pauling scale is the most commonly
used. Fluorine (the most electronegative
element) is assigned a value of 4.0, and
values range down to caesium and francium
which are the least electronegative at 0.7.

Chlorine, Bromine & Iodine

Group 18 (0)

NOBLE GASES
Group 0 elements have complete outer shell of electrons
Chemically inert - only a few compounds eg. XeF2
They are all monatomic gases
Have low boiling points.