OUTLINE

Body Compartments
Regulation of Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Volume
Osmolarity
Disturbance
Potassium Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Body Compartments

Body Compartments

Fluid Movement
Fluid compartments are separated by
membranes that are freely permeable to
water
Movement of fluids due to:
hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
Starling forces

Starling Forces

Edema
Swelling of tissues due to excess interstitial fluid
Causes:
Increased venous pressure (e.g. heart failure)
Increased capillary permeability leak of plasma
proteins to interstitial fluid (e.g. anaphylactic shock)
Decreased plasma proteins (e.g. liver disease,
malnutrition)
Inadequate lymph drainage (e.g. filariasis)

Body Compartments

Regulation of Fluid & Electrolyte

Balance
All homeostatic mechanisms that monitor
and adjust composition of body fluids
respond to changes in ECF, not ICF
No receptors directly monitor fluid or
electrolyte balance plasma volume &
osmotic concentration
Cells cannot move water by active transport
water follows salt

Regulation of ECF
Osmolarity Tonicity
Through water balance

Volume Blood Pressure

Through salt balance

Tonicity

Water Balance

Water Output

Regulation of Fluid Intake Thirst

Regulation of Fluid Output Urine

Regulation of Fluid Output Urine

Kidneys conserve water by regulating urine
concentration/osmolarity: 50-1200 mOsM
Countercurrent mechanism producing vertical
osmotic gradient
Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
controls water reabsorption

Obligatory urine volume: 500 mL

Countercurrent Mechanism

Countercurrent Mechanism

Vasopressin/ADH

Vasopressin/ADH

Vasopressin/ADH

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Short-term:
Baroreceptor reflex cardiac output and total
peripheral resistance
Fluid shifts due to Starling forces

Long-term: ECF volume salt balance

Salt Balance
Sodium account for >90% of ECFs osmotic
activity conservation of salt = conservation
of water (water follows salt) primary
determinant of ECF volume

Salt Balance
Intake: Poorly regulated; usually >>
Output:
Obligatory loss in sweat and feces (0.5 g/day)
Urine: controlled, very precise
Filtration: GFR
Reabsorption: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA)
system; Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Salt Balance

RAA System

RAA System - Aldosterone

RAA System - Aldosterone

ANP

Integration of Fluid & Electrolyte

Balance

Integration of Fluid & Electrolyte

Balance

Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte

Balance

Potassium Balance
98% in ICF
Intake: Dietary
Output: Urine
Disturbances in Potassium balance are less
common than sodium balance, but
significantly more dangerous

Potassium Balance
Factors affecting rate of K+ tubular secretion:
K+ concentration in ECF (from dietary intake)
Aldosterone levels (promotes secretion)
pH of ECF (acidosis: decreases secretion, vice
versa)

Potassium Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Buffer System

Buffer System
Lungs

Buffer System - Renal

Buffer System - Renal

Buffer System - Renal

Buffer System - Renal

Acid-Base Balance

Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance

SUMMARY

REFERENCES
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology.11th
ed. Philadelphia. Elsevier, Inc. 2006.
Martini FH, Nath JL, Bartholomew EF. Fundamentals of
anatomy & physiology. 9th ed. Boston. Benjamin
Cummings. 2012
Sherwood L. Human Physiology from cells to system, 7th
ed. Australia. Brooks/Cole Cengange Learning. 2011.
Silverthorn DU. Human physiology: an integrated
approach. 5th ed. San Francisco. Pearson Education, Inc.
2010.
Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Principles of anatomy and
physiology. 12th ed. USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009.

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