Residual Stress Analysis by

Diffraction using
High-Energy Synchrotron Radiation

By ,
Aniket Suresh Waghchaure.
Michigan Tech University,Houghton.

What is Residual Stress?

Definition :

Residual Stresses are that remain after the original cause of

the stresses (external forces heat gradient) has been

removed.
Residual stresses occur for a variety of reasons, including
inelastic deformations and heat treatment.
Heat from welding may cause localized expansion, which is
taken up during welding by either the molten metal or the
placement of parts being welded.
When the finished weldment cools, some areas cool and
contract more than others, leaving residual stresses.

Types of Residual Stresses

I] Macroscopic stresses
Long- range in nature, spreads over several grains of the
material.
II] Intergranular stresses
Vary over the grain scale.
III] Atomic Scale stresses

Stresses due to coherency at interfaces and

dislocation stress fields

Different types of residual stresses.

Figure 1 [1]

Why Residual Stress Analysis?

1) The static loading performance of brittle materials can be improved noticeably

by the intelligent use of residual stress.

2) Compressive residual stress has a beneficial effect on the fatigue life, crack
propagation and stress corrosion of materials whereas tensile residual stress
decreases their performance capacity.
3) Residual stress can affect the mechanical behavior of materials causing brittle
fracture, fatigue stress and fatigue fracture.
4) The performance of material under thermal, mechanical and other kinds of
loading depends on residual stress state.

Residual stress measurement techniques

Non Destructive Methods

Destructive
Methods
Residual stresses

Hole Drilling
Method

Curvature
Method

X ray
Diffraction

Neutron
or
Synchroton
diffraction

Ultrasonics

Magnetic
waves

Basic Principle Of High Energy Synchrotron Diffraction

Fig 2.0

Experimental setup at the high Energy beam line ID 15A at the ESRV,Grenoble,France. [2]

Gauge volume and Scanning of the sample

Figure 3 [2]

Figure 4 [2]

Formulae's:
Gauge volume is given by the intersection of the incoming and the diffracted beam

d hkl

Where, dhkl - lattice spacing with hkl denoting Millers indexes,

-Bragg angle ,
h -Plancks constant,
c -velocity of light.

=
and

are the diffraction elastic constants (DEC).

Gage Volume Dependence

Figure 5 [2]

Figure 6 [2]

Applications:
I] Composites (C/SiC-composite):
Residual stresses arise due to the shrinkage of the matrix material and due to
the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the fibers and
the matrix
The aim of the HESD analysis was to determine the residual stresses parallel

and perpendicular to the fibers within a layer in the bulk of the sample
The penetration depth and the resolution required for experiment cannot be
achieved using X-ray or neutron diffraction but can be by employing HESD

Figure 7 Residual stresses parallel and perpendicular to

the C fibers in the Sic matrix of a C/Sic-composite. [2]

 Results:

a) It was observed by W. reimers, that in the perpendicular direction to the

fiber axis, the thermal mismatch is lower and thus the matrix residual
stresses become zero in this direction.
b) The average residual stress (Gage volume A) for the two combinations of
reflections (6H 110 and 3C 220 resp. 6H 116 and 3C 311) was found to be 30 +/- 40 MPa, while in gage volume B the residual stress in the SiC matrix
parallel to the fibers was observed to be 230 +/- 80 MPa.

II] Thermal Barrier Coating :

The residual stresses of a duplex thermal barrier coating system consisting of a
plasma sprayed, NiCoCrAlY bond layer with a thickness of 0.15 mm, both
deposited on a super alloy in 718 substrate with a thickness of 2 mm (Fig. 9.0), were
determined by HESD

Figure 9

Figure 10

Recent Research
Recent research done by Pedro Fernandez that hydrostatic M-RS (microscopic
residual stress) has following objectives
The investigation of the influence of alloy strength on the matrix RS evolution
with deformation.
The evaluation of the reinforcing particles effect (15 vol.% of Al2O3) on the RS
evolution.
The assessment of the influence of the loading mode (compressive versus tensile)
on the plastic

Strength difference between W2A15A composite and W2A00A alloy is result of

Strength Differential Effect(SDE)

Figure 11 [3]
Compressive behavior in T6 condition of
2014Al (W2A00A) and 6061Al
(W6A00A)alloys and corresponding
composites.

Future Scope
Future research may be concentrated upon residual

stress analysis and texture analysis of component

which is loaded under thermal and mechanical
loading .
Dynamic residual stress analysis of thermally loaded
components.

SUMMARY
High-energy synchrotron radiation has been introduced as a

new method which is extensively being used to determine the

residual stresses in composites , thermal barrier coating to
analyze the residual stresses.
High depth of penetration and high resolution are some
advantages of HESD which made it possible to use in variety
of applications.

References
1 .Withers.Bhadeshia, 2001, Overview of Residual Stress Part 1-Measuremnt

Techniques,MST/4640A Vol 17
2. A. Pyzalla ,2000, Methods and Feasibility of Residual Stress Analysis by High-Energy
Synchrotron Radiation in Transmission
3. M.E. Fitzpatrick et al,2007, Analysis of Residual Stress by diffraction using Neutron and
Synchrotron Radiation.
4. Hutchings, et al,Introduction to the Characterization of Residual Stress by Neutron Diffraction
5. W. Reimers, 18 (1999) , Journal of materials science letters 581-583, The use of high-energy

synchrotron diffraction for residual stress Analyses

6. G. Brusch et al, Proceedings of the ICRS 5, Linkrping, Sweden, 1997, pp. 557-562.
7. R. Ostertag et al, in Advanced Structural Inorganic Composites,P. Vincenzini, ed. (Elsevier Science

Publishers, London,New York, 1991), pp. 469-477.

8. W. Reimers et al, Evaluation of Residual Stresses in the Bulk of Materials
by High Energy Synchrotron Diffraction
9. Y. M. Chiang et al, Physical Ceramics-Principles for Ceramic
Science and Engineering (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997), pp. 26-33.
10. G. Arlt et al. Soc. Am. 37:384 (1965).

Thank You