Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute Of

Technology
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION-II S.Y.

Prepared By:Preet Patel

Siddharth Patel

130410111069
130410111070

Circuit Analysis
Topics:

Nodal Analysis
Source Transformation

Nodal Analysis
A node is a point in an electric circuit where 2
or more components are connected. (Strictly
speaking, it is the whole conductive surface
connecting those components.)
Nodal analysis applies to planar and nonplanar circuits.
Nodal analysis is used to solve for node
voltages.
Sign convention: current leaving node is +ve

Nodal Analysis

Single current source

Multiple current sources
Voltage and current sources
Supernode
Dependent sources

Concept
Developed based on the systematic approach
of Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) to find all
circuit variables without having to sacrifice
any of the elements.
General procedure which is making use of
node voltages in circuit analysis as key
solutions.

Importance terms
Node Voltage: Potential difference between a
marked node and the selected reference node.
Element Voltage: Potential difference across
any element or branch in the circuit.
When Node Voltage = Element Voltage?

Why use Node Voltage?

Further reduce the number of equations to be
solved simultaneously.
No of independent equations = No of the
marked nodes exclusive of the reference node.
Element voltages and currents can be
obtained in few steps using the solved node
voltages.

Assumptions
KCL is performed with current going out from
a node as positive (+ve) while current entering
a node as negative (-ve).
in negative (subtract)
out positive (add)
All unknown currents assumed to be leaving a
particular node.

Nodal Analysis Procedures:

1. Mark all essential nodes and assign proper voltage
designations except for the appointed reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each nonreference nodes. Use Ohms law to
formulate the equation in terms of node voltages.
Assume all unknown currents are directing out of the
nodes.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.

Solving by Nodal Analysis:

V3

j5 W

V1

50 W

-j100 W

V2

-j5 W

V4

+
50/300 V

+
~

~
-

-j50 W

j50 W

ref. node
KCL at Node 1: get Equation 1
KCL at Node 2: get Equation 2
Why no node equations at Nodes 3 and 4?
Solve Equations 1 and 2 to obtain V1 and V2

50/300 V
-

Nodal Analysis Using Matrix Method

[I]=[Y][V]
For a circuit with n+1 nodes, the matrix equation is:
I1
I2
..
..
In

Y11
-Y21

...
-Yn1

-Y12 ..
Y22 ..
..
.. ..
-Yn2 ..

..
..

..
..

-Y1n
-Y2n
..
..
Ynn

V1
V2
..
..
Vn

[ I ] is the known current vector

Ii is the source current in Node i
Sign convention: current entering node, +ve (since current vector has been
moved to the left hand side of the equation)
[ Y ] is admittance matrix (square matrix)
Diagonal element Yii = sum of all admittances connected to Node i
Yik = admittance between Node i and Node k
[ V ] is the unknown voltage vector
Vi = voltage at Node i w.r.t. the reference node

Source Transformation
Voltage Source to Current Source

Z
~

Current Source to Voltage Source

A

Z
B

Example : Nodal Analysis and source transformation

V1

V2

1. Current source equivalent for V1

2. Current source equivalent for V2
3. Admittances for all other components
All admittance values in siemens

Source Transformation
Ideally:
An ideal current source has the voltage necessary to provide its
rated current
An ideal voltage source supplies the current necessary to provide
its rated voltage
Practice:
A real voltage source cannot supply arbitrarily large amounts of
current
A real current source cannot have an arbitrarily large terminal
voltage

Source Transformation
Rs

+
Vs

Is

Rs

Vs Rs I s

Is

Vs
Rs

Equivalent Source

How do we find I1 and I2?

Is1

Is2

I1

I2

R1

R2

I1

R2
V
I s1 I s 2
R1
R1 R2

I2

R1
V
I s1 I s 2
R2
R1 R2

I1 I 2 I s1 I s 2
1 1
V V
I s1 I s 2 V
R1 R2
R1 R2

V I s1 I s 2
Ieq

R1 R2
R1 R2

Equivalent Source
Series Voltage Source
n

+ VS1

+ VS2

+ VSn

+ VS

VS VSk

k 1

R S R Sk
k 1

parallel Current
Source
IS1

IS2

ISn

RS=RS1// RS2//// RSn

IS

I S I Sk
k 1