ENE 428

Microwave
Engineering
Lecture 1 Introduction, Maxwells
equations, fields in media, and
boundary conditions
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Syllabus
Asst. Prof. Dr. Rardchawadee Silapunt,
rardchawadee.sil@kmutt.ac.th
Lecture: 9:30pm-12:20pm Tuesday, CB41004
12:30pm-3:20pm Wednesday, CB41002
Office hours : By appointment
Textbook: Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar (3rd
edition Wiley, 2005)
Recommended additional textbook: Applied
Electromagnetics by Stuart M.Wentworth (2nd edition Wiley,
2007)
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Grading
Homework
Quiz
Midterm exam
Final exam

10%
10%
40%
40%

Vision
Providing opportunities for intellectual growth in the context
of an engineering discipline for the attainment of professional
competence, and for the development of a sense of the social
context of technology.
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Course overview
Maxwells equations and boundary conditions for
electromagnetic fields
Uniform plane wave propagation
Waveguides
Antennas
Microwave communication systems

10-11/06/51
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Introduction
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/viewtopic.php?t=52

Microwave frequency range (300 MHz 300

GHz)
Microwave components are distributed
components.
Lumped circuit elements approximations are
invalid.
Maxwells equations are used to explain
circuit behaviors ( Hand E)
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Introduction (2)
From Maxwells equations, if the electric field E
is changing with time, then the magnetic fieldH
varies spatially in a direction normal to its orientation
direction
Knowledge of fields in media and boundary conditions
allows useful applications of material properties to
microwave components
A uniform plane wave, both electric and magnetic fields
lie in the transverse plane, the plane whose normal is the
direction of propagation
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Maxwells equations
B
E
M
t
D
H J
t
D v
B0

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

E. is the electric field, in volts per meter (V/m).1

.H is the magnetic field, in amperes per meter (A/m).
.D is the electric flux density, in coulombs per meter squared (Coul/m2).
.B is the magnetic flux density, in webers per meter squared (Wb/m2).
.M is the (fictitious) magnetic current density, in volts per meter (V/m2).
J. is the electric current density, in amperes per meter squared (A/m2).
is the electric charge density, in coulombs per meter cubed (Coul/m3).

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Maxwells equations in free space

= 0, r = 1, r = 1
E
H 0
t
H
E 0
t

Ampres law

Faradays law

0 = 4x10-7 Henrys/m
0 = 8.854x10-12 farad/m
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Integral forms of Maxwells equations

E dl t B d S
C
S

(1)

H dl t D d S I
C
S

(2)

D d s dv Q

(3)

Bds 0

(4)

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Fields are assumed to be sinusoidal or

harmonic, and time dependence with
steady-state conditions
Time dependence form:

E A( x, y, z)cos(t )a x
Phasor form:

E s A( x, y, z)e j a x

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Maxwells equations in phasor form

E S j B M

(1)

H S J j D

(2)

D v

(3)

B0

(4)

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Fields in dielectric media (1)

An applied electric field E causes the polarization of the
atoms or molecules of the material to create electric
dipole moments that complements the total displacement
D
flux,

D 0 E Pe

C / m2

Pe
where
is the electric polarization.
In the linear medium, it can be shown that

Pe 0 e E.

Then we can write

D 0 (1 e )E 0 r E E.

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Fields in dielectric media (2)

e may be complex then can be complex and can be
expressed as

' j ''
Imaginary part is counted for loss in the medium due to
damping of the vibrating dipole moments.

The loss of dielectric material may be considered as an

equivalent conductor loss if the material has a
conductivity . Loss tangent is defined as

''
tan
.
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Anisotropic dielectrics
The most general linear relation of anisotropic
dielectrics can be expressed in the form of a
tensor which can be written in matrix form as
Dx xx
D
y yx
Dz zx

xy xz Ex
Ex

yy yz E y E y .
Ez
zy zz Ez

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Analogous situations for magnetic

media (1)
An applied magnetic field H causes the magnetic
polarization of by aligned magnetic dipole moments

B 0 ( H Pm )

Wb / m2

where P m is the electric polarization.

In the linear medium, it can be shown that

Pm m H .
Then we can write

B 0 (1 m ) H 0 r H H .
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Analogous situations for magnetic

media (2)
m may be complex then can be complex and can be
expressed as

' j ''
Imaginary part is counted for loss in the medium due to
damping of the vibrating dipole moments.

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Anisotropic magnetic material

The most general linear relation of anisotropic
material can be expressed in the form of a tensor
which can be written in matrix form as
Bx xx
B
y yx
Bz zx

xy
yy
zy

xz H x
Hx

yz H y H y .
H z
zz H z

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Boundary conditions between two

media
n
Dn2

Bn2

Ht2

Et1
Ht1

Bn1

Et2

Dn1

n D 2 D1 S
n B 2 n B1

E1 n M S

n H 2 H1 J S

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Fields at a dielectric interface

Boundary conditions at an interface between two
lossless dielectric materials with no charge or
current densities can be shown as
n D 2 n D1
n B 2 n B1
n E1 n E 2
n H 1 n H 2.
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Fields at the interface with a perfect

conductor
Boundary conditions at the interface between a
dielectric with the perfect conductor can be
shown as
nD 0
nB 0
n E M S
n H 0.
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General plane wave equations (1)

Consider medium free of charge
For linear, isotropic, homogeneous, and timeinvariant medium, assuming no free magnetic
current,
E
H E
t

(1)

H
E
t

(2)

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General plane wave equations (2)

Take curl of (2), we yield

( H )
E
t
E
2
( E
)

E
t
E
2
t
t
t
From

then

A A 2 A
2

E
E 2 E
2
t
t

For charge free medium

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E 0

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Helmholtz wave equation

For electric field

For magnetic field

E
2
E
2
t
t

H
2
H
2
t
t

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Time-harmonic wave equations

Transformation from time to frequency domain

j
t
Therefore

2 E s j ( j ) E s
2 E s j ( j ) E s 0
2 E s 2 E s 0
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Time-harmonic wave equations

or

where

2 H s 2 H s 0

j ( j )

This term is called propagation constant or we can write

= +j
where = attenuation constant (Np/m)
= phase constant (rad/m)
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Solutions of Helmholtz equations

Assuming the electric field is in x-direction and the wave
is propagating in z- direction
The instantaneous form of the solutions

E E0e z cos(t z)a x E0e z cos(t z)a x

Consider only the forward-propagating wave, we have

E E0e z cos(t z)a x

Use Maxwells equation, we get

H H0e z cos(t z)a y

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Solutions of Helmholtz equations in phasor

form
Showing the forward-propagating fields without timeharmonic terms.

E s E0e z e j z a x
H s H0e z e j z a y
Conversion between instantaneous and phasor form

Instantaneous field = Re(ejtphasor field)

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Intrinsic impedance
For any medium,
Ex
j

Hy
j

For free space

Ex
E0
0

120
H y H0
0

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Propagating fields relation

1
H s a E s

E s a H s
where a represents a direction of propagation

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