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Engineering Materials
Materials
Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels
Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel,
titanium, superalloys, refractory metals,
beryllium, zirconium, low-melting alloys,
gold, silver, platinum,
Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,)
thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, )
elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, )
Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron Nitride
Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix composites
Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors,
Properties of materials
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Chemical composition
Mechanical properties Strength, hardness (under various conditions:
temperature, humidity, pressure)
Physical properties density, optical, electrical, magnetic
Environmental green, recycling
METALS
Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals
Cast irons
Steels
Super alloys
Iron-based
Nickel-based
Cobalt-based
Carbon steels
Classified as low, medium and high:
1. Low-carbon steel or mild steel, <
0.3%C, bolts, nuts and sheet plates.
2. Medium-carbon steel, 0.3% ~ 0.6%C,
machinery, automotive and agricultural
equipment.
3. High-carbon steel, > 0.60% C, springs,
cutlery, cable.
Alloy steels
Steels containing significant amounts of
alloying elements.
Structural-grade alloy steels used for
construction industries due to high
strength.
Other alloy steels are used for its
strength, hardness, resistance to creep
and fatigue, and toughness.
It may heat treated to obtain the desired
STAINLESS STEELS
STAINLESS STEELS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Steel
Product
Steel
4140, 8740
Differential gears
Gears (car and truck)
Landing gear
Lock washers
Nuts
Railroad rails and wheels
Springs (coil)
Springs (leaf)
Tubing
Wire
Wire (music)
4023
4027,
4140,
1060
3130
1080
1095,
1085,
1040
1045,
1085
1010
1040, 4140
52100
1035, 4042, 4815
1020, 1040
3135, 3140
4063
1040, 3141, 4340
1045, 1145, 3135, 3140
4032
4340, 8740
4063, 6150
4063, 9260, 6150
1055
Condition
1020
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
1080
3140
4340
8620
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)
448
441
393
1010
965
615
891
689
1279
744
632
536
Yield
Strength
(MPa)
Elongation in
50 mm (%)
Reduction of
area (%)
Hardness
(HB)
346
330
294
586
524
375
599
422
861
472
385
357
36
35
36
12
11
24
19
24
12
22
26
31
59
67
66
17
20
45
57
50
36
49
59
62
143
131
111
293
293
174
262
197
363
217
183
149
Chemical
Composition
Deoxidation
Practice
MPa
240
275
310
350
415
485
550
690
830
970
S = structural alloy
X = low alloy
K = killed
W = weathering
O = nonkilled
D = dual phase
565620
240290
6055
316
(S31600)
550590
210290
6055
410
(S41000)
480520
240310
3525
416
(S41600)
480520
275
3020
AISI
M (molybdenum base)
T (tungsten base)
H1 to H19 (chromium base)
H20 to H39 (tungsten base)
H40 to H59 (molybdenum base)
D (high carbon, high chromium)
A (medium alloy, air hardening)
O (oil hardening)
S
P1 to P19 (low carbon)
P20 to P39 (others)
L (low alloy)
F (carbon-tungsten)
W
Resistance to
cracking
Medium
High
Medium
Highest
Highest
Highest
Approximate
hardness
(HRC)
6065
6065
6065
3855
5762
3556
Machinability
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
Medium
Toughness
Low
Low
Low
Very high
Medium
High
Resistance to
softening
Very high
Very high
Highest
High
High
High
D2
Medium
Highest
5461
Low
Low
High
D3
H21
Medium
Medium
High
High
5461
3654
Low
Medium
Low
High
High
High
H26
P20
Medium
High
High
High
4358
2837
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
High
Very high
Low
P21
W1, W2
High
Highest
Highest
Medium
3040
5064
Medium
Highest
Medium
High
Medium
Low
AISI
designation
M2
T1
T5
H11, 12, 13
A2
A9
Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.
Resistance to
wear
Very high
Very high
Very high
Medium
High
Medium to
high
High to very
high
Very high
Medium to
high
High
Low to
medium
Medium
Low to
medium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SUPERALLOYS
REFRACTORY METALS
1. Beryllium
2. Zirconium
3. Low-melting-point metals:
- Lead
- Zinc
- Tin
4. Precious metals:
- Gold
- Silver
- Platinum
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
Solution treatment
Quenching
Precipitation treatment
Induction
heating
High frequency
resistance
heating
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Ceramics
Traditional ceramics
New ceramics
Glass
CERAMICS
Traditional ceramics
clays: kaolinite
silica: quartz, sandstone
alumina
silicon carbide
New ceramics
oxide ceramics : alumina
carbides : silicon carbide, titanium carbide, etc.
nitrides : silicon nitride, boron nitiride, etc.
GLASS
Glass products
window glass
containers
light bulb glass
laboratory glass
glass fibers
optical glass
Glass ceramics - polycrystalline structure
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Elastomers
POLYMERS
Thermoplastics - reversible in phase by heating and cooling. Solid phase at room
temperature and liquid phase at elevated temperature.
Thermosets - irreversible in phase by heating and cooling. Change to liquid phase
when heated, then follow with an irreversible exothermic chemical reaction.
Remain in solid phase subsequently.
Elastomers - Rubbers
THERMOPLASTICS
Acetals
Acrylics - PMMA
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS
Cellulosics
Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon
Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar
Polysters - PET
Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
THERMOSETS
Amino resins
Epoxies
Phenolics
Polyesters
Polyurethanes
Silicones
ELASTOMERS
Natural rubber
Synthetic rubbers
butadiene rubber
butyl rubber
chloroprene rubber
ethylene-propylene rubber
isoprene rubber
nitrile rubber
polyurethanes
silicones
styrene-butadiene rubber
thermoplastic elastomers
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Metal Matrix Composites
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Polymer Matrix Composites
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
Mixture of ceramics and metals reinforced by strong, high-stiffness fibers
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
Ceramics such as aluminum oxide and silicon carbide embedded with fibers for improved
properties, especially high temperature applications.
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
Thermosets or thermoplastics mixed with fiber reinforcement or powder.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1D fibre
Woven fabric
Random fibre
COMPOSITE MATERIALS