Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Biochemical
Reaction Systems
Aim
To provide an introductory overview of
how biological systems can be used by
Chemical Engineers
An overview of
Biochemical Engineering
Bioprocess/Biochemical Engineering is related with the
design, development, implementation and operation of
engineering processes required to facilitate biomanufacture and bio-processing at all scales. Requires
multidisciplinary understanding drawn from:
Chemical Engineering.
Microbiology.
Biochemistry.
Genetics.
Medics.
Applications
Chemical Industry
Production of bulk chemicals and solvents such as ethanol, citric acid,
acetone and butanol.
Synthesis of fine specialty chemicals such as enzymes, amino acids, alkaloids
and antibiotics.
Food Industry
Production of bakers' yeast, cheese, yogurt and fermented foods such as
vinegar and soy sauce.
Brewing and wine making.
Production of flavors and coloring agents.
Medicine
Applications
Agriculture
Plant breeding to improve resistance to pests, diseases, drought and salt
conditions.
Bioinsecticide development.
Modification of plants to improve nutritional and processing characteristics.
Veterinary Practice
Vaccine production.
Fertility control.
Livestock breeding.
Environment
Biological recovery of heavy metals from mine tailings and other industrial
sources.
Bioremediation of soil and water polluted with toxic chemicals.
Sewage and other organic waste treatment.
Penicillin
Contaminated Plate
Bacteria culture
dishes contaminated
with a fungus.
Bacteria growth
inhibited by the
presence of the
fungus!
Bioprocess Engineering!
Introduction to Bioprocess
Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth
Temperature
pH
Availability of nutrients
Source of carbon
Source of water
Electron Acceptor
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Enzymes
They are produced only by living organisms and
commercial enzymes are generally produced by
bacteria.
Most of enzymes are high-molecular weight proteins or
protein-like substances that acts on a substrate (reactant
molecule) to transform it chemically at a greatly
accelerated rate, usually 103 to 1017 times faster than the
uncatalyzed rate.
Enzymes are specific: one enzyme can usually catalyze
only one type of reaction.
Enzymes
They are present in small quantities in the reaction and are
not consumed during the course of the reaction nor do they
affect the chemical reaction equilibrium.
Uncatalyzed reaction:
SP
Catalyzed reaction: S + E
ES E + P
Activation Energy
They provide an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur
thereby requiring lower activation energy.
Because
enzymatic
pathways have
lower activation
energies,
enhancements in
reaction rates
can be
enormous!
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Substrate binds with a specific site of the enzyme to form
the ES complex.
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
When the enzyme concentration is the limiting
factor, the kinetics of enzymes reactions are well
represented by the Michaelis-Menten equation:
dS
-
Vmax (S)
= - rS =
dt
Km+ (S)
Michaelis-Menten Plot
Zero-order region
Michaelis-Menten region
rS
Cs
First-order region
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Vmax S
- rS=
Km+ S
High Substrate
Concentration
Low Substrate
Concentration
S KM
KM S
- rS
Vmax S
First-order
Km
Zero-order - rS Vmax
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Consider the case when the substrate concentration is
such that the reaction rate is equal to one-half the
maximum rate:
Vmax
- rS =
2
rS
Cs
Vmax
Vmax S (1/2)
=
2
Km + S (1/2)
Km = S (1/2)
-rS
Problems
Estimate
Vmax?
K m?
Problems
1) The enzyme-catalyzed conversion of a substrate at 25oC has a Km of 0.035 M.
The rate of the reaction is 1.15 x 10-3 M s-1 when the substrate concentration is
0.110 M. What is the maximum velocity of this reaction?
Most Imp!!!
Competitive
Non-competitive
Cartoon Guide
Substrate
E
I
Compete for
Inhibitor active site
E + S
ES E + P
+
I
EI
I
S
Uncompetitive
E
I
Different site
E + S
ES E + P
+
+
I
I
EI + S EIS
E + S
ES E + P
+
I
EIS
Competitive
Non-competitive
Vmax
Double Reciprocal
Direct Plots
vo
I
[S], mM
Uncompetitive
Vmax
vo
Km Km
Km = Km
Vmax
Vmax
[S], mM
Km Km
Vmax
[S], mM
Vmax unchanged
Km increased
Vmax decreased
Km unchanged
1/vo
1/vo
1/vo
Intersect
at Y axis
1/Km
Two parallel
lines
1/ Vmax
1/[S]
Intersect
at X axis
1/Km
1/ Vmax
1/[S]
1/ Vmax
1/Km
1/[S]
Where
CM=KM
k3CE0= Vmax
Cell Growth
Natural proses mitosis - cells multiply their number to survive
4 phases
Phase 1 - lag phase little increase of cells number
Phase 2 exponential growth phase- cell dividing at the
maximum rate
Phase 3 stationary phase reach zero growth rate due to
lack of nutrient and space
Phase 4 death phase- decrease of live cells due to toxic
by-product, harsh environment and depletion of nutrient
Phase
Phase
No. of
Phase
Cells
1
Phase
4
Time
Rate Law
Cells + Substate More cells + Product
Monod equation
rg
m axCs Cc
K s Cs
Stoichiometry
Yield coefficients
YC S
CC
Mass of new cells formed
YP S
Cell maintenance
Mass Balance
During Growth phase
dCs
YS C (rg ) mCc
dt
During Stationary Phase
dCs
V
mCcV YS P (rp )V
dt
Batch Stationary Growth rate
dCP
V
rpV Yp s (rs )V
dt
Look Example 7-6
The End