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Lecture
The Evolution of
Management Theory
Chapter 2
Management by Stoner
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The Gilbreths
Used motion picture camera to
find most economical motion for
each task to upgrade
performance and reduce fatigue
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Max Weber
Developed a theory of authority structures and relations based on an
ideal type of organization he called a bureaucracy.
Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical
competence, and authoritarianism
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7.
Remuneration
2. Authority
8.
Centralization
3. Discipline
9.
Hierarchy
4. Unity of command
10. Order
5. Unity of direction
11. Equity
6. Subordination of
individual interests
to the general
interest
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps
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Webers Bureaucracy
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Behavioral Approaches(1920-1990)
Maslaws Need Theory
Needs that people are
motivated to satisfy fall into a
hierarchy.
Lower level need must be
satisfied before higher level
need is met.
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Behavioral Approaches(1920-1990)
McGregors Theory
Distinguished two basic assumption about people
and their approach to work.
Theory X managers assumed that people must
constantly be motivated to do their work.
Theory Y managers assume that, people are
eagerly approach their work and opportunity to
develop their creative capacity.
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Behavioral Approaches(1920-1990)
The Hawthorne Studies
A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric
from 1924 to 1932.
Experimental findings
Productivity increased with increasing light level, but
surprisingly output also increased with decreasing light level
until reduced to that of a moonlit night.
The effect of incentive plans was less than expected.
Research conclusion
Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly
influence individual output and work behavior than do
monetary incentives.
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Systems Approach
System Defined
A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged
in a manner that produces a unified whole.
Open systems
Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs
and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into
their environments.
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Systems Approach
Organization is made up of independent factors,
including individuals, groups, attitudes, motives,
formal structure, interactions, goals, status, and
authority. This means that as managers coordinate
work activities.
Decisions and actions in one organizational area will
affect other areas.
Organizations are not self-contained. They rely on
their environment for essential inputs and outlets to
absorb their outputs.
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Contingency Approach
Sometimes called the situational approach.
There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manage
organizations.
Organizations, employees and situations are different
and require different ways of managing.
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Organization size
As size increases, so do the problems of coordination.
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Environmental uncertainty
What works best in a stable and predictable
environment may be totally inappropriate in a
rapidly changing and unpredictable environment.
Individual differences
Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth,
autonomy, tolerance of ambiguity and expectations.
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