Modul H-02 Hydrostatic Pressure

Determining a hydrostatic force magnitude on the vertical plane

Determining the correlation between water level and mass load

FILLING TANK

Data Observation
L

DRAINING TANK

Mass (m)

Height of Water (y)

Mass (m)

Height of Water (y)

(gram)

(mm)

(gram)

(mm)

50

45

50

46

70

56

70

56

90

68

90

63

110

69

110

68

130

76

130

76

150

82

150

82

170

87

170

87

190

93

190

93

210

98

210

98

230

103

230

103

250

109

250

108

270

114

270

113

290

118

290

118

310

122

310

123

330

127

330

128

350

133

350

133

370

137

370

137

r
r

m.g
d

a = 10 cm
b = 7.5 cm
d = 10 cm
L = 27.5 cm

Partially Submerged Experiment

FILLING TANK
Mass

DRAINING TANK

Average

Mass
(g)

Height
of water
(cm)

(g)

Height
of water
(cm)

50

4,6

50

4,6

50

4,6

4,6

2,36294896

21,16

5,583527789

10,86956522

70

5,6

70

5,6

70

5,6

5,6

2,232142857

31,36

4,982461735

12,5

90

6,3

90

6,3

90

6,3

6,3

2,267573696

39,69

5,141890467

14,28571429

110

6,9

110

6,8

110

6,85

6,85

2,344291118

46,9225

5,495700847

16,05839416

130

7,6

130

7,6

130

7,6

7,6

2,250692521

57,76

5,065616823

17,10526316

150

8,2

150

8,2

150

8,2

8,2

2,230814991

67,24

4,976535524

18,29268293

170

8,7

170

8,7

170

8,7

8,7

2,246003435

75,69

5,04453143

19,54022989

190

9,3

190

9,3

190

9,3

9,3

2,196785756

86,49

4,825867656

20,43010753

210

9,8

210

9,8

210

9,8

9,8

2,186588921

96,04

4,781171111

21,42857143

66,95

20,31784226

522,3525

45,89730338

150,5105286

y (x)

m/y2(y)

x2

y2

xy

= +

Table 1. Regression Linear, relationship between /

,
2 2
2
=
2 2
9 150,5105286 66,95 20,31784226
=
9 522,3525 4482,3025
= 0.025973326
=

522,3525 20,31784226 66,95 150,5105286

9 522,3525 4482,3025
= 2.450750717

y= -0.02597x + 2.450

Graph of y and m/y2

Partially Submerged Experiment

1 7.5
=
= 0.045
6 6 27.5
+
1 7.5 10 + 10
=
=
2
2 27.5
= 2.727

3
y = -0.045x + 2.727
R = 1

2.5

m/y2 (y)

2
y = -0.026x + 2.4508
R = 0.5657

1.5

Relative Mistake
m/y2
Theory

1
0.5

= 10.13%

=

= 42,28 %

0
0

5
10
Height of water (cm)

15

. /

Calculating F-Hydrostatic
F-Hydrostatic: 0,5 gby2
0,5 10009,810,1y2
Height of Water (m)

50

0,046

1,037898

70

0,056

1,538208

90

0,063

1,9467945

110

0,0685

2,301548625

130

0,076

2,833128

150

0,082

3,298122

170

0,087

3,7125945

190

0,093

4,2423345

210

0,098

4,710762

0.12

F-Hydrostatic

Table of Hydrostatic Pressure for partially submerged

Height of water (m)

Mass

Hydrostatic Force
Partially Submerged
0.1
0.08

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

2
3
Hydrostatic Force (N)

Graph of Hydrostatic Force (Partially Submerged)

Fully Submerged Experiment

FILLING TANK

DRAINING TANK

Mass

Height
of
water
(cm)

Average

= +

(g)

Height
of water
(cm)

230

10,3

230

10,3

230

10,3

106,09

52900

2369

250

10,9

250

10,8

250

10,85

117,7225

62500

2712,5

270

11,4

270

11,3

270

11,35

128,8225

72900

3064,5

290

11,8

290

11,8

290

11,8

139,24

84100

3422

310

12,2

310

12,3

310

12,25

150,0625

96100

3797,5

330

12,7

330

12,8

330

12,75

162,5625

108900

4207,5

350

13,3

350

13,3

350

13,3

176,89

122500

4655

370

13,7

370

13,7

370

13,7

187,69

136900

5069

2400

Mass
(g)

M (y)

H (x)

96,3

x2

1169,08

y2

xy

736800

29297

Table 1. Regression Linear, relationship between

,
2 2
2
=
2 2
8 29297 96,3 2400
=
= 41.24129196
8 1169,08 9273,69
1169,08 2400 96,3 (29297)
=
8 1169,08 9273,69
= 191.4420519
= . .
=

Graph of h and m
Fully Submerged Experiment
500
450

400

Mass (g)

350
300

y = 40.909x - 181.82
y = 40.655x - 189.38
R = 1
R = 0.9994

250
200

M (y)
Theory

150

+2

10
1 7.5 10 10 + 2
=
27.5

= 40.909
2 + 3
=
6
1 7.5 102 10 + 3(10)
=
6 27.5
= 181.8181

Relative Mistake

100

50

0
0

10
15
Height of water (cm)

20

= 5,293%

= 0,81227%

Calculating F-Hydrostatic
F-Hydrostatic:
1000 9,81 0,1 0,1 (
Height of Water (m)

230

0,103

250

0,1085

270

0,1135

290

0,118

310

0,1225

330

0,1275

350

0,133

370

0,137

F. Hydrostatic

5,1993
5,73885
6,22935
6,6708
7,11225
7,60275
8,1423
8,5347

Table of Hydrostatic Pressure for fully submerged

Height of water (m)

Mass

Hydrostatic Force
Fully Submerged

0,1

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

6
7
Hydrostatic Force (N)

Analysis
Partially submerged is measured at the water level below 100 mm and loadings
starting from 50 grams to 210 grams. For fully submerged it is measured above 100
mm and loadings starting from 210 grams all the way to 370 grams. The values of a
and b are determined for both sections and then compared to the theoretical values.
To find a and b, we used least square
For partially submerged experiment, ( = 0.025973326
and
= 2.450750717).

+
We then used the equations = and =
to find the
6
2
theoretical values.
Relative mistake for a = 42.28% and b = 10.13%. The coefficient of correlation
obtained is R2 = 0.565, which means that the x and y are not closely related.
For fully submerged experiment, ( = 41.24129196 and = 191.4420519).
Relative mistake for a = 5.29% and b = 8.12%. The coefficient of correlation obtained
is R2 = 0.999, which means that the x and y are very closely related.
We also obtain the value of hydrostatic
force at each of the water level by using the
2
formula = 0,5 for partially submerged and =
for fully submerged.

Conclusion
The magnitude of hydrostatic force is perpendicular to the surface of the
apparatus. As more volume of the object is submerged, the more hydrostatic
force will act on it.
As the weight of the load increases, the height of the water also increases
because more water is needed to balance the scales arm.
The values of a and b obtained from experiment and theory show a linear
relationship between the relationship of mass and water level.
The weights that are added to the apparatus are able to be balanced by adding
water to the tank because there is hydrostatic force acting on the vertical surface
of the apparatus.
The sum of moments and hydrostatic force acting on the surfaces that are not
vertical is zero because the directions point straight to the hinge. The force is zero
because it is not perpendicular

Modul H-05 Flow Rate Measurement

Demonstrating various type of basic flow rate measurements working
principles

Data Observation
No

Manometer Reading (cm)

Orifice Pipe

Venturimeter

Volume
(mL)

Time
(s)

Pitot Pipe

19,7

19,4

19,4

18,8

18

18,5

215

3,05

7,5

13,2

12,3

12

10,8

9,5

10,5

350

3,30

10

12,5

10,5

9,8

7,7

4,5

6,3

430

3,00

12,5

16,7

13,5

13,8

9,5

8,9

570

3,28

15

19,3

14,7

15,2

8,7

8,5

750

3,08

17,5

22,3

15,9

16,2

7,5

2,5

8,5

800

3,00

20

26,8

18,5

19,5

9,8

940

3,12

22,5

34,5

24

26

11,5

14

1050

3,03

d1

d2

A1

A2

(m)

(m)

(m2)

(m2)

A2/A1

Orifice
Pipe

0,029

0,02

0,00066052

0,00031416

0,0000475
63

Venturi
meter

0,029

0,017

0,00066052

0,00022698

0,0000343
64

Pitot

0,019 -

0,00028353 -

Determining Flow Rate Coefficient

(Cd)
Orifice Pipe
= .

h3

h4

|h3h4|

Qorifice (X)

(m)

(m)

0,197

0,194

0,003

0,132

0,123

0,009

0,000076179
8
0,000131947

0,125

0,105

0,02

0,000196695

0,167

0,135

0,032

0,000248802

0,193

0,147

0,046

0,000298303

0,223

0,159

0,064

0,000351859

0,268

0,185

0,083

0,000400699

0,345

0,24

0,105

0,000450685

(m3/s)

Volum
e
(m3)

Time

Qreal (Y)

(s)

0,0002
2
0,0003
5
0,0004
3
0,0005
7
0,0007
5
0,0008

3,05

(V/t)
(m3/s)
0,00007049
18
0,00010606
1
0,00014333
3
0,00017378

0,0009
4
0,0010
5

3,12

3,3
3
3,28
3,08
3

3,03

0,00024350
6
0,00026666
7
0,00030128
2
0,00034653
5

Graph of QOrifice and Qreal

0.0004
0.00035

y = 0.8664x

Qreal (m3/s)

0.0003
0.00025

Graph of Linear Regression of Orifice

y=m.x
Qreal = Cd . QOrifice
Regression line obtained, y = 0,8664x
Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdorifice) = 0,8664

0.0002
Manual method

0.00015

0.0001

2 2

b = Cd = 0,846678496044

0.00005

So, value of Cdorifice = 0,846678496044

0
0

0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005

QOrifice (m3/s)

Cd = m

 Venturi meter
h5

h6

(m)

(m)

0,194

0,188

0,12

= .
|h5-h6|

Qventuri (X)

Volume

Time

Qreal (Y)

(m3/s)

(m3)

(s)

0,006

0,0000778379

0,000215

3,05

(V/t)
(m3/s)
0,0000704918

0,108

0,012

0,00011008

0,00035

3,3

0,000106061

0,098

0,077

0,021

0,00014562

0,00043

0,000143333

0,138
0,152

0,095
0,087

0,043
0,065

0,00020838
0,0002562

0,00057
0,00075

3,28
3,08

0,00017378
0,000243506

0,162

0,075

0,087

0,0002964

0,0008

0,000266667

0,195

0,08

0,115

0,00034077

0,00094

3,12

0,000301282

0,26

0,115

0,145

0,00038265

0,00105

3,03

0,000346535

Graph of QVenturi and Qreal

0.0004
0.00035

Graph of Linear Regression of Venturi meter

y=m.x
Qreal = Cd . QOrifice
Regression line obtained, y = 0,9617x

y = 0.9617x

Qreal (m3/s)

0.0003

Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdventuri) = 0,9617

0.00025
0.0002

Manual method
0.00015

2 2

b = Cd = 0.938393092725

0.0001

So, value of Cdventuri = 0.938393092725

0.00005
0

0.0001

0.0002
0.0003
QVenturi (m3/s)

0.0004

Cd = m

 Pitot Pipe
h7

h8

(m)

(m)

= .
|h7-h8|

Qpitot (X)

Volume

Time

Qreal (Y)

(m3/s)

(m3)

(s)

(V/t)
(m3/s)

0,18

0,185

0,005

0,0000887589

0,000215

3,05

0,0000704918

0,095

0,105

0,01

0,00012552

0,00035

3,3

0,000106061

0,045

0,063

0,018

0,00016841

0,00043

0,000143333

0,06

0,089

0,029

0,00021376

0,00057

3,28

0,00017378

0,04

0,085

0,045

0,00026628

0,00075

3,08

0,000243506

0,025

0,085

0,06

0,00030747

0,0008

0,000266667

0,02

0,098

0,078

0,00035057

0,00094

3,12

0,000301282

0,04

0,14

0,1

0,00039694

0,00105

3,03

0,000346535

Graph of QPitot and Qreal

0.0004
0.00035

y = 0.8654x

Qreal (m3/s)

0.0003
0.00025

Graph of Linear Regression of Pitot Pipe

y=m.x
Qreal = Cd . QOrifice
Regression line obtained, y = 0.8654x
Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdpitot) = 0,8654
Manual method

0.0002

0.00015

2 2

b= Cd = 0.892465266392

0.0001
So, value of Cdpitot = 0.892465266392

0.00005
0
0

0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005

QPitot (m3/s)

Cd = m

Determining Head Loss Coefficient (k)

Orifice Pipe
Variable Area

2
2

=
, =
=
2
2 22 2

h3

h4

h=|h3-h4|

(m)

(m)

(Y)

Qorifice (Y)

V (Q/A2) (m/s)

h =V2/2g
(X)

(m3/s)
5

0,197

0,194

0,003

0,2243818
0.00006707242

7,5

0,132

0,123

0,009

0.002321

0,3376019
0.00011617283

10

0,125

0,105

0,02

0.006964

0,4562420
0.00017318024

12,5

0,167

0,135

0,032

0.015476

0,5531576
0.00021905760

15

0,193

0,147

0,046

0.024761

0,7751019
0.00026264083

17,5

0,223

0,159

0,064

0.035594

0,8488254
0.00030979423

20

0,268

0,185

0,083

0.049522

0,9590081
0.00035279496

22,5

0,345

0,24

0,105

0.064224

1,1030526
0.00039680577

0.081247

Graph of h' and h (Orifice)

0.120
hprkatikum (m)

0.100

y = 1.2924x

Graph of head loss coefficient of Orifice

y = m . x h = k.h
|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g k = m
Regression line obtained y = 1,2924x

0.080

Value of head loss coefficient (korifice) = 1,2924

0.060

Manual method

0.040
0.020

0.000
0.00000 0.02000 0.04000 0.06000 0.08000 0.10000
h' theory (m)

2 2

m = k = 1.292354385
So, value of korifice = 1.292354385

 Venturi meter
Variable Area

2
2
=
, =
=
2
2 22 2

h5

h6

h=|h5-h6|

(m)

(m)

(Y)

Qventuri (Y)

V (Q/A2) (m/s)

h =V2/2g

(X)
(m3/s)

0,194

0,188

0,006

7,5

0,12

0,108

0,012

10

0,098

0,077

0,021

12,5

0,138

0,095

0,043

15

0,152

0,087

0,065

17,5

0,162

0,075

0,087

20

0,195

0,08

0,115

22,5

0,26

0,115

0,145

0.00007316450
0.00010347022

0.00013687824
0.00019586597
0.00024081384
0.00027860210
0.00032031235
0.00035967376

0,310563926
0,467270244
0,631478544
0,765618116
1,072808177
1,174848004
1,327350427
1,526720416

0.0052915
0.0105830

0.0185202
0.0379222
0.0573243
0.0767264
0.1014199
0.1278773

Graph of h' and h (Venturi meter)

0.16

hprkatikum (m)

0.14

Graph of head loss coefficient of Venturimeter

y = m . x h = k.h
|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g k = m
Regression line obtained y = 1,13398x

y = 1.1339x
Value of head loss coefficient (kventuri) = 1,1339

0.12
0.1
0.08

Manual method

0.06
=

0.04

m = k = 1.133899256
So, value of kventuri = 1.133899256

0.02

0
0.00000

2 2

0.05000
0.10000
h' theory (m)

0.15000


2
2
=
, =
=
2
2 22 2

Pitot Pipe
Variable Area

h7

h8

h=|h7-h8|

(m)

(m)

(Y)

Qpitot (Y)

V (Q/A2) (m/s)

h =V2/2g
(X)

(m3/s)
5

0,18

0,185

0,005

0,248622015
0.00008883955

7,5

0,095

0,105

0,01

0.005000
0,37407329

0.00012563810
10

0,045

0,063

0,018

0.010000
0,505530279

0.00016856120
12,5

0,06

0,089

0,029

0.018000
0,612915741

0.00021395397
15

0,04

0,085

0,045

0.029000
0,858836807

0.00026651865
17,5

0,025

0,085

0,06

0.045000
0,940524812

0.00030774923
20

0,02

0,098

0,078

0.060000
1,062610658

0.00035088811
22,5

0,04

0,14

0,1

0.078000
1,222216344

0.00039730255

0.100000

Graph of h' and h (Pitot Pipe)

0.120
y=x

hpraktikum (m)

0.100

0.040

Graph of head loss coefficient of Pitot Pipe

y = m . x h = k.h
|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g k
=m
Regression line obtained y = 1x
Value of head loss coefficient (kpitot) = 1

0.020

Manual method

0.080
0.060

0.000
0.000

=
0.020

0.040 0.060 0.080

h'theory (m)

0.100

0.120

2 2

m=k=1
So, value of kpitot = 1

Table Results
Flow Rate Coefficient

Orifice pipe

Head Loss Coefficient

Graph Method

Manual Method

0,8664

0.846678496044

Venturimeter

0,9617

0.938393092725

Pitot pipe

0,8654

0.892465266392

Graph Method

Manual Method

Orifice pipe

1,2924

1.292354385

Venturimeter

1,1339

1.133899256

1,0000

Pitot pipe

Analysis
flow rate coefficient formula for orifice pipe
1 and venturimeter :
= . 2 2 1 2

1
2

2 2 2
1

determine the regression line (y 1= mx + a). Q is the value of y,

2 2 1 2
value of m.

1
2

2 2 2
is
1

the value of x, the flow rate coefficient (Cd) is the

1
2

for the pitot pipe, the equation is: = . 2 2 1 2 because the diameter of
opening and end of pitot1 pipe is the same, so there is no difference in the area. The value
of x is 2 2 1 2 2 , the y is obtained from the values of Q. The manual method is
determined by using least square
To determine the head loss coefficient (k),

2
2

2
22 2

and h = k.h = k.V2/2g.

V which is the volume of the outflow that is measured for 3 seconds. The value of V is
obtained by Q/A. The gravitational acceleration is 9,8 m/s2. The graphical method is used
to find the linear regression (y = mx +a). The value of the x is h, the value of the y is h,
and the value of m is k. For the manual method, the value of k is determined by using
least square

Conslusion
The value of flow rate coefficient (Cd) and head loss coefficient (k) can be determined
experimentally and calculated by using the graphical and manual method.
From Bernoullis equation, one can obtained the formulas
to find the value of flow rate
1
1
2

coefficient: = . 2 21 1 2
1
= . 2 2 1 2 2 for pitot pipe.

2 2 2
1

Flow rate can be determined by using the formula: Q =

for orifice and venturimeter and

V (mL)
t (s)

The coefficient of head loss for orifice pipe is 1,2924. For venturimeter the value is
1,1339. And the value for pitot pipe is 1, all according to the graphs
The coefficient of flow rate for orifice pipe is 0,8664. For venturimeter the value is
0,9617. And the value for pitot pipe is 0,8654.
Orifice pipe has the least value flow rate coefficient than venturimeter and pitot pipe. It
also has the largest value of head lost compared to venturimeter and pitot pipe.