Topic 4: Periodic Table

by
Najmiyatul Fadilah Mohamad.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Analyse the periodic table
2. Summarise the electronic structures and periodic table
3. Identify properties and usages of transition elements
4. Identify the electronic structure, group trends, physical
properties and chemical properties of Group 1 and
Group 17
5. Summarise noble gases
6. Identify the properties and classification of Period 3
elements.

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Antoine Lavoisier (17431794)
First scientist to classify elements into four groups

not successful due to wrong information

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Johann Dobereiner (17801849)
Divided the elements into groups.
Each group consists of three elements
with similar chemical properties and is
called a triad.
Each triad, the atomic weight of the
middle element is the average of the other
two elements.
Refer page 77 Table 4.2 & table 4.3

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

John Newlands (18371898)
Arranged all the known elements horizontally
in the ascending order of their atomic
masses.
Each row consisted of seven elements.
He found that elements with similar
properties recurred at every eighth element.
This arrangement was known as the Law of
Octaves.

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Lothar Meyer (18301895)
Plotted a graph of atomic volume against
atomic mass for all known elements.
Found that elements with the same
chemical properties occupied the same
relative positions on the curve.
Properties of the elements were in a
periodic pattern with their atomic
masses.
Proved that the properties of the
elements recur periodically.

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907)
Showed that the properties of
elements changed periodically with
their atomic mass.
Arranged the elements in the order
ofincreasing atomic mass and grouped
them according to similar chemical
properties.
Able to predict the properties of
undiscovered elements and left gap for
these elements.
Refer page 79, Figure 4.6

HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Henry J. G. Moseley (18871915)
Concluded that the proton numbers
should be used as a basis for the periodic
change of chemical properties instead of
the atomic mass.
Rearranged the elements in the
ascending order of their proton numbers.

Modern Periodic Table

The periodic table is a classification of
elements whereby:
elements with the same chemical properties
are placed in the same group.

This makes the study of the chemistry of

these elements easier and more systematic.
Glenn Seaborg discovered that the
transuranium elements have atomic
numbers from 94 to 102, resulting in the
redesign of the periodic table.

Modern Periodic Table.

ANALYSIS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Rows = the periods
columns = the groups.
atomic number increases
when moving across a row or
a period

Groups
18 groups of elements in the periodic table.
(a) Group 1 elements are called alkali metals.

(b) Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth

metals.
(c) Group 3 to Group 12 elements are known as
transition elements.
(d) Group 17 elements are called halogens.

(e) Group 18 elements are called noble gases.

Groups
(a) Metals
The elements in Groups 1 to 13 are metals.
(b) Non-metals
The elements in Groups 15, 16 and 17 are nonmetals.
Carbon and silicon from Group 14 are also nonmetals.

Periods
Seven rows from Period 1 to Period 7.
The elements are arranged horizontally in the
ascending order of their proton numbers in the
periodic table.
left to right, the proton number increases.

The position of the period of an element in the

periodic table is determined by the number of
shells occupied with electrons in the atom of the
particular element.

Periods
Short periods
Period 1

has two elements only Hidrogen and Helium.

Periods 2 and 3 have eight elements each.

Long periods
Periods 4 and 5, they have eighteen elements each
Period 6 has thirty-two elements and not all the elements can
be listed on the same horizontal row.
The elements with proton number 58 to 71 are separated and are
grouped below the periodic table. The Lanthanide Series.

Period 7 has thirty-one elements and not all the elements can
be listed on the same horizontal row.
The elements with proton number 90 to 103 are grouped below
the periodic table. The Actinide Series.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES AND THE

PERIODIC TABLE
Valence electrons = electrons found in the
outermost occupied shell of an atom.
The number of valence electrons in an atom can be
determined from its electronic structures.
All members of the same group have the same
number of valence electrons.
Group 1 have one valence electron each.
Group 13 to Group 18:
The group number = Number of valence electrons + 10
Group 17 have seven valence electrons each.

Number of Valence Electrons and

Group Number
Number
of Valence
Electrons

Group

13

14

15

16

17

8
(except
Helium)
18

All elements in the same period have the same number of

filled electron shells.

Number of Shells and Period Number

Number of
Shells Occupied
with Electrons

Period Number

Chemical properties of the elements in a period are the same

but the physical properties of these elements change
gradually.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES AND THE

PERIODIC TABLE
Electronegativity of an element is the ability of the
element to pull the electron to itself.
The electronegativity of elements increases when
going across a period from left to right.
The metal characteristics of the elements decrease
when going across the period.
It changes from metal to semi-metal and finally to
non-metal.

The oxide characteristics of the elements change

from alkaline to acidic when going across the period.

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Transition elements are elements in a block located
between Group 2 and Group 13 of the periodic table.
There are 10 elements in each series and they are
arranged horizontally

Properties
All transition elements are metals which display
the following physical properties:

Silvery surface
Hard
High density
Ductile and malleable
High melting and boiling point
Good electrical conductivity.

Properties
Also exhibit four special characteristics which
other metals do not have.

Transition Elements Form Coloured

Compounds
Transition elements can form compounds of
different colours.
Aqueous solutions of transition element compounds
or their ions exhibit certain colours.
Please refer module page 90, Table 4.9.
Colours of gemstones and precious stones occur
naturally due to the presence of the transition
elements in them.
Emerald is green = nickel and iron.
Ruby is red = chromium.

Transition Elements Have Variable

Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation number measures the charge carried
by an element in its compounds.
Transition elements show different oxidation
numbers in their compounds.
Iron(II), Fe2+, and Iron(III), Fe3+
Copper(I),Cu+, and Copper(II), Cu2+

Many Transition Elements and Their

Compounds Have Catalytic Properties
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
reaction but does not change chemically after a
reaction.
Nickel
Nickel is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of
margarine.

Iron
Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber process for
the manufacture of ammonia.

Transition Elements Can Form Complex

Ions
A complex ion is a polyatomic cation or anion
consisting of a central metal ion with other
groups bonded to it.
A complex ion is tetraamminecopper(II) ion
([Cu (NH3)4]2+) ,which consists of four ammonia
molecules bonded to the central copper(II)ion.

Industrial Uses

GROUP 1
Known as alkali metals

A metals which can react with water to form

alkaline solutions.
Please refer page 93, Table 4.7

GROUP 1; Electronic Structure

All elements of Group 1 have one valence
electron.

Able to achieve the stability of a duplex or octet

by giving away their valence electron and form
singly charged positive ions.
Please refer to Table 4.8, page 93.

GROUP 1; Group Trends

Show certain trends when descending the
group.
The atomic radius increases down the group.
due to the fact that the number of filled
electron shells increases down the group;
therefore, the distance between the outermost
electron shell and the nucleus increases.

Electropositivity is a measurement of the

ability of an atom to lose an electron and form
a positive ion.
As we go down Group 1, the electropositivity
of the metal increases because the further the
position of the valence electron from the
nucleus, the weaker the force of attraction
between the nucleus and the valence electron.
Hence, the elements lose the single valence
electron more easily down the group.

Group 1: Physical Properties

Soft solids and can be easily cut.
Resemble grey solids with shiny silvery surfaces.
Their surfaces will turn dull very fast when exposed
to air.
Very reactive; hence, they react rapidly with oxygen
and water vapour in the air when exposed.
have to be kept in paraffin oil.

Have low densities compared to heavy metals such

as iron and copper.
They are also good conductors of heat and
electricity.

Group 1: Chemical Properties

Can readily dissolve in water to form hydroxides,
which are strongly alkaline in nature.
Can also form alkaline oxides.
Group 1 elements exhibit similar chemical
properties in their reactions with the following
elements:
React with water to liberate hydrogen gas and form
metal hydroxide
React with oxygen to produce metal oxides
React with chlorine to produce metal chloride
React with bromine to produce metal bromide.

GROUP 17
Group 17 elements are fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine and astatine.
Please refer to page 97, Table 4.1o
Known as, halogens = salt producer.
Very reactive elements
Most of them exist naturally as halide salts.
Halogens are non-metals and exist as diatomic
covalent molecules.

GROUP 17: Electronic Structure

Have seven valence electrons
Are able to achieve the stability of an octet
arrangement by accepting one electron and form
negative ions.
Please refer to page 98, Table 4.11

GROUP 17: Group Trends

show a certain trend when descending
the group.
atomic radius increases gradually
down the group.
This is because the number of shells
occupied with electrons increases
down the group, resulting in an
increase in the distance between the
outermost electron shell and the
nucleus.

low melting and boiling points

because the forces of attraction
between the molecules are weak.
However, the melting and boiling
points of halogens increase down
the group because the molecular
size increases down the group.
As the molecular size of halogens
increases, the van der Waals forces
of attraction between the molecules
become stronger.
More heat is required to overcome
the forces of attraction between the
molecules, resulting in an increase
in the melting and boiling points

GROUP 17 : Group Trends

The colour of halogen becomes darker down the
group.
Electronegativity is a measurement of the
tendency of an atom to attract an electron and
form a negative ion.

Generally, all halogens are electronegative nonmetals.

GROUP 17: Physical Properties

non-metals
they are insulators of heat and electricity

have low melting and boiling points due to poor

forces of attraction between the molecules.
All halogens have low densities.

GROUP 17: Chemical Properties

Note that Group 17 elements exhibit similar chemical
properties when they react with:
Water => to produce acidic solutions
Iron
Cold sodium hydroxide solution.
produce water and a colourless solution containing salts
of sodium halide and sodium halate(I).

NOBLE GASES: General characteristics

Chemically unreactive because the atoms have a stable
electronic structure.

Exist as monoatom gases

Colourless and insoluble in water
Cannot conduct electricity and are poor conductor of heat
Have very low melting and boiling points because noble
gases are held together by weak Van der Waals forces of
attraction

Have very low densities but the density increases slowly

when going down the group because the increase in
atomic mass is greater than the increase in volume.

PERIOD 3
Located in the third row of the periodic table.
Can be classified into metals and non-metals.
Based on the basic or acidic properties of their oxides
which can determine the metallic or non-metallic
properties of the elements.
Metals form oxides with basic properties only.
Some metals can form oxides with both acidic and basic
properties.
known as amphoteric oxides.

Non-metals form oxides with acidic properties only.