Idea WCDMA

WCDMA Network Planning and Dimensioning
Workshop
Xx Aug 2008
Leo Chan
Senior Network Performance Specialist
Soc Classification level

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA air interface characteristics

WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview

Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning
Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning

2
Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA vs. GSM
HSPA overview

Planning margins

3
WCDMA Air Interface Characteristics

Users share same time and frequency
Frequency
WCDMA
Carrier
3.84 MHz
f
5 MHz
5+5 MHz in FDD mode

5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier

4
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:

5
3G (WCDMA):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit
rates
WCDMA
GSM
5 MHz
200 kHz
118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz
2 Hz or lower
Quality control
Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity
5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the

standard, but can be
applied
Carrier spacing
Frequency reuse factor
Packet data
Services
with
Different
quality
requiremen
ts
Downlink transmit
diversity
Efficient
packet data
6
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2
F1
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs

7
Macro BTS
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Spreading
factor
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
4, with 3
parallel
codes
Channel
symbol
rate
(ksps)
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
2880
Channel bit
rate
(kbps)
W
RSymbol
SF
8
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
5760
DPDCH
channel bit
rate range
(kbps)
36
1224
4251
90
210
432
912
1872
5616
Maximum user
data rate with rate coding
(approx.)
13 kbps
612 kbps Half rate speech
2024 kbps Full rate speech
45 kbps
105 kbps
128 kbps
215 kbps
384 kbps
456 kbps
936 kbps
2.3 Mbps
2 Mbps
Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate
QPSK
16QAM
9
5 codes
10 codes
15 codes
1/4
600 kbps
1.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
2/4
1.2 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
3/4
1.8 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
5.4 Mbps
2/4
2.4 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
3/4
3.6 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.1 Mbps
4/4
4.8 Mbps
9.6 Mbps
14.0 Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates
with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak
bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In
HSUPA SF=2 4)
Initial expected capability 1.46 Mbps

10
Coding rate
1 x SF4
2 x SF4
2 x SF2
1/2
480 kbps
960 kbps
1.92 Mbps
2 x SF2 +
2 x SF4
2.88 Mbps
3/4
720 kbps
1.46 Mbps
2.88 Mbps
4.32 Mbps
4/4
960 kbps
1.92 Mbps
3.84 Mbps
5.76 Mbps
HSPA Pushes Functionalities to Base Station
HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSUPA = High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HSPA = HSDPA + HSUPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
WCDMA R99 uplink/downlink
Mobile
Base station
HSPA scheduling and

retransmission control in
base station
11
Radio network
controller RNC
WCDMA scheduling
and retransmission
control in RNC
HSDPA General Principle
L1 Feedback = CQI
Link adaptation based on

CQI
Data
Terminal 1 (UE)
L1 Feedback = CQI
Data
Packet scheduling based on

CQI
UE's capability
QoS requirements
Power and code resource
availability
Node B buffer status
Terminal 2
HSDPA users may be time
and code multiplexed
12
HSDPA Overview
15 Code
Shared
transmission
16QAM
Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Fast Link
Adaptation
Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms

13
Advanced
Scheduling
HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code
Multi-Code
transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Fast
Power Control
Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms

14
NodeB
Controlled
Scheduling
HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel
principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2
Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL
Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs

15
UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except
HSDPA
HSUPA
Modulation
QPSK and 16-QAM
BPSK and DualBPSK
Soft handover
No
Yes
Fast power
control
No
Yes
Scheduling
Point to
multipoint
Non-scheduled
transmission
No
Multipoint
to point
Yes, for minimum/
guaranteed bit rate
Efficient UE power
amplifier
Required for near-far
avoidance
Scheduling cannot be as
fast as in HSDPA
Similar to R99 DCH but
with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in

the uplink than reversed HSDPA
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Feature
DCH
HSUPA
HSDPA
Variable spreading factor
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Multicode transmission
(No in practice)
Fast power control
Yes
Yes
Soft handover
Yes
Yes
Adaptive modulation
No
No
Yes
BTS based scheduling
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

Fast L1
16
HARQ
No
(associated DCH only)
Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA vs. GSM
HSPA overview

Planning margins

17
Approaches to 3G Radio Network Planning

There are two fundamental approaches to 3G radio network
planning
Path loss based approach
Can be done by 2G planning tools
Results easy to interpret
3G simulation based approach

Requires 3G planning tool
Requires detailed input information
Results large range of network performance information

18
Path loss based 3G planning

Path loss based 3G planning is based on
Path loss predictions
Planning margin and threshold definitions
Path loss predictions can be done on 2G or 3G planning tool with
3G site candidate locations
3G site configuration (antenna type, antenna height, antenna tilt,
antenna azimuth, feeder type and feeder length )
Propagation model
Digital terrain map
Planning thresholds are based on

Planned services and link budgets
Planned coverage quality
Area type information (buildings etc.)
19
Path loss based 3G planning Results

The result of path loss based 3G planning is
Coverage maps per service and per area type
Cell dominance areas
Interference levels
Coverage
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Specific service

20
Simulation based 3G planning

The planned 3G network configuration can be alalysed by
simulation
Static (Monte-Carlo) simulations Supported by most 3G
planning tools (e.g. Netact Planner)
In static simulations users are placed randomly on the planning
area based on traffic distribution information (traffic layer) for
each planned service
The radio link conditions are analysed for each user
Required TX power (UL/DL) based in path loss predictions
and interference level Coverage limitation?
Radio interface load (UL/DL) is estimated for each cell
Capacity limitation?

21
Simulation based 3G planning Results

Main benefit of 3G simulations is the relatively large quantity of
information which is generated
Information is beneficial only if it is interpreted correctly
The main results from a 3G simulation are typically
Service coverage
Service probability
Failure probability by failure causes
System capacity
Intercell interference
Uplink and downlink transmit powers
Uplink and downlink interference floors

22
Simulation based 3G planning Video call

coverage probability

23
Simulation based 3G planning UL load

24
Cell load calculation

Cell load calculation is needed in order to estimate the level of air interface
load in the cell
Load/cell
Air interface load
Power budget
Cell range
Air interface load depends on service type, radio propagation conditions,

network topology and number of active connections
Service type Bitrate, Eb/N0
Propagation conditions Eb/N0, Orthogonality
Network topology Little i
25
DL Little i
In the real environment we will never have separated cell. Therefore in the load factor
calculation the other cell interferences should be taken into account.
This can be introduced by means of the little i value, which describes how much two
cells overlap (bigger overlapping more inter-cell interferences)
I OTHER
little i
I OWN
Iother

26
Effect of little i
Doubling of the "little i" will cause 70 % throughput decrease of
the original value
128 kbps
Maximum propagation loss (dB)
170
i = 0.2
i = 0.4
i = 0.6
i = 0.8
165
DL
160
155
150
UL
145
140
0
500
1000
throughput in kbps
27
1500
Effect of Speed
12.2 kbps speech @ 3, 20, 120 km/h
For fast moving mobiles

channel estimates are worse
but interleaving works more
efficiently. Power control is not
able to follow small scale
fading (=> power control
headroom smaller for high
speed mobiles)
In UL a PC headroom is
needed in calculating the
coverage
In DL the fast power control
effects are included in the
average required Eb/N0 (no
Socpower
Classification
level
control
headroom in DL)
28
Macro cell, P(DL) = 43 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm

For slow moving mobiles a

low received Eb/N0 value is
needed due to good channel
estimate and power control. On
the other hand high peak
power is needed to
compensate the deepest fades.
170
3 km/h 12.2 kbps
DL
20 km/h 12.2 kbps

165
120 km/h 12.2 kbps
160
155
UL
150
145
140
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of users
80
90
100
Effect of Node B Tx Power

10, 20, 30, 40 W, 64 kbps, 3-sector
Macro cell, P(DL) = 40 to 46 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm

175
170
165
160
uplink
155
150
145
140
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
DL throughput in kbps
29
700
Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA vs. GSM
HSPA overview

Planning margins

30
Radio Dimensioning data flow

Customer Requirements and Input Parameters
Traffic
Demand
per bearer
# of subs
GoS
etc.
System
Parameters
Eb/No
TX power
etc.
System
Parameters
spectral
efficiency
etc.
RF Planning
Parameters
interf marg
HO gain
environment
etc.
Infrastr.
Parameters
# of sectors
antennas
req cov area
etc.
LINK BUDGET
Customer
Rel99, CPICH,
Requirements HSDPA, HSUPA

31
Capacity
Configuration
Air Interface
NodeB
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
(Capacity: Rel99
CHC, DRIC, FSM)
+ HSPA )
Per area and per Phase

Number of Node Bs
Node B Type
Node B Configuration
Node B Upgrade
-Output toward
Access planning
Outputs
Coverage and capacity dimensioning

Dimensioning process has two main parts:
Coverage dimensioning which is handled mainly in Link Budget
Capacity dimensioning
Main calculation are for shared DCH + HSPA carrier, but more and more
focusing also on dedicated carriers and multi-carriers
Link budget and Capacity dimensioning are connected to each other in
order to model coverage and capacity iteration and impact on both parts
Capacity for:
Coverage based on:
DCH services
HSDPA
HSUPA

32
DCH services
HSDPA
Coverage
Capacity
HSUPA
dimensioning
dimensioning
Service (e.g.DCH)
impact on other
services (e.g.HSPA)
Spreading Code
capacity
Link budget
Capacity
Introduction
Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of site
coverage area (site count for given area)
Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs
Service type
Target service probability
Initial site configuration
Equipment performance
Propagation environment
Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the site

coverage area with the given inputs

33
Link budget
The target of the link budget calculation is to
estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio
path from transmit antenna to receive antenna
The minimum Eb/N0 (and BER/BLER) requirement is
achieved with the maximum allowed path loss and
transmit power both in UL & DL
The maximum path loss can be used to calculate

cell range R
Lpmax_UL
R
34
Lpmax_DL
Link budget types

R99 DCH link budget
Uplink
Can be based on many different PS and CS services
Downlink
Can be based on many different PS and CS services
HSDPA link budget

Uplink
HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead often appears in the transmitter section of
the link budget)
Downlink
Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
HSUPA link budget

Uplink

Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No
Downlink
CPICH link budget

Downlink
Similar to downlink DCH link budget.

Can be based on CPICH Ec/No at cell edge.

35
Module Contents
R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

36
R99 UL Link Budget

The calculation is done for each
service (bit rate) separately
Bit rate depends on service, which
can vary in speech service bit
rates (e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2
kbps) to packet service bit rates
(e.g. 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 384
kbps) as well as video service
(e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can be
defined based on customer inputs or
lowest path loss based on
calculations

37
R99 UL Link Budget

Transmitter - Handset
Transmission power classes
Power Class 4 most common at the
moment (note 2 dB tolerance)
Power Class 3 most common in new
mobiles and data cards (+1/-3dB
tolerance)
Antenna TX/RX gain

Typically assumed to be 0 2 dBi
For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
Body Loss
For CS voice service body loss of 3 dB is
assumed as the mobile is near head.
EIRP represents the effective isotropic

radiated power from the transmit
antenna.
Uplink EIRP UE Transmit Power Transmit AntennaGain - Body Loss

38
R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver Node B
Node B noise figure
Flexi BTS Noise Figure:

< 2.0 dB (Band 2 GHz common)
Depends on Node B
< 2.1 dB (Band 1700 2100
Depends on Frequency MHz)
Thermal Noise
< 2.3 dB (Band 800-960 MHz)
Thermal Noise Density k T B
= -108 dBm
k = Boltzmanns constant, 1.43 E-23 Ws/K

T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
B = Bandwidth, 3 840 000 Hz
Uplink Load
Definition of UL load can be based on
traffic inputs or estimated
Interference margin
Interference margin is calculated based
on UL load
Interference floor is calculated as

follows
Interference _ floor Thermal noise Node B noise figure interference_margin
39
Interference Margin
Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading () value
From set maximum planned load
"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the
network) & in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
IMargin [dB]
20
IMargin =10 Log10 1

10
6
3
1.25
25%
40
50%
75%
99%
Load factor
dB
R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver Node B
Service Eb/No
Related to the selected service
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Service Processing gain
Related to the service bit rate
High processing gains correspond to
services with low bit rates. These
services tend to have more relaxed link
budgets and generate smaller
increments in cell loading.
Chip Rate
Service Processing Gain 10 LOG
Bit Rate
Receiver thermal sensitivity This

represents the receiver sensitivity
when the system is loaded i.e. an
interference margin has been included
Receiver Sensitivity Interference_floor Required Eb/No ProcessingGain
41
Required Eb/N0
When Eb/N0 is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select
closest Eb/N0 value to the prevailing conditions if available)
Service and bearer
Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
Radio channel
Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
Multipath, delay spread
Three main groups of channels models that are widely used
to model different propagation environments.
3GPP models, Case 1-5

COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA), Hilly terrain (HT)
ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B
Receiver/connection configuration
Handover situation
Fast power control status
Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)
Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do not
correspond the used Eb/N0
Soft handover gain
Power control gain
Fast fading margin

42
R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver Node B
RX antenna gain
Is different for different frequencies
Gain and size varies
Cable loss
In Flexi the remote RF head
(feederless solution) minimizes
the influence of cable losses
MHA can be used to compensate
the cable loss as well as lower the
system noise figure (not in Flexi)

43
R99 UL Link Budget

Receiver Node B
UL fast fade margin
SHO gain (old MDC gain)

Gain against shadowing

44
Fast fading margin

Some headroom is needed in the mobile station TX power for
maintaining adequate fast power control
This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading
Typical values are from 2 to 5 dB for slow-moving mobiles (according to
WCDMA for UMTS)
MS moving towards the cell edge
dB
25
20
15
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
dBm
20
10
0
-10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
1.5
Mobile transmission
power starts hitting
its maximum value
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
dB
15
Eb/N0 target
increases fast
10
5
Received quality
degrades, more
frame errors

45
0.5
1.5
2
Seconds
2.5
3.5
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL

SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in
soft handover situation compared to single link connection
At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,
Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speed
as well as from two branches path loss differences
An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact
that
Significant amount of diversity already exist
2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake)
The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to
see those gains separately)
Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining
(based on frame selection)
Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining
In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two

branches)

46
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL

Dynamic Simulator
Result for 2 branches
Tx power, uplink
Soft HO
Combining
SHO MDC gain (dB)
2
1.5
Softer HO
Combining
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0
10
Difference between the SHO links (dB)

MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h

47
(including softer combining

gain for the other branch)
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)

At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is
roughly the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best
BTS can always be chosen (based on minimal transmission
power of MS) against a hard handover algorithm based on
geometrical distance.
In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability
and the standard deviation of the signal for the environment.
The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where the
likelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channel
tends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value
Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow Fading
Margin (See Cell range estimation)

48
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2

and 3 dB

49
R99 UL Link Budget

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
Building penetration loss

This parameter is clutter specific,
normally for dense urban areas this
value is higher than in rural area.
Recommended values for urban is 16 dB
and suburban 12 dB.
Indoor location probability

This parameter defines the probability of
connection in indoors, value depending
on clutter and area, varies from 85
95%
Indoor standard deviation

Correspondingly clutter and area
dependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.
Shadowing margin
This is calculated from indoor location
probability and standard deviation.
Typical values for slow fading margins
for 90-95% coverage probability are:
outdoor: 6 8 dB (lower for suburban/rural)
indoor: 10 15 dB (lower for
suburban/rural)
50
R99 UL Link Budget

Isotropic power required
Required signal power is calculated
to take into account the building
penetration loss and indoor
standard deviation as well as
receiver sensitivity and additional
margins.
Isotropic power required Receiver sensitivity RxAntennaG ain cable loss
- MHA gain UL fast fade margin - ULSHO gain BPL slow fade margin
Allowed propagation loss

Allowedprop.loss EIRP - Isotropicpower required

51
Module Contents
R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

52
R99 DL Link Budget

The calculation is done for each
service (bit rate) separately
Bit rate depends on service, which
can vary in speech service bit rates
(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) to
packet service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,
32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as well
as video service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can be
defined based on customer inputs or
lowest path loss based on
calculations

53
R99 DL Link Budget

Transmitter Node B
Max Tx Power (total)
Max Tx power per radio link
In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed.

Commonly 0.5 assumed.
Other margins
Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link

budget calculation (it is used to define how much
power is used per user)
This parameter notifies the average user location such
as 6 dB which correspond to average user location.
MHA insertion loss
Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL power

calculation.
TX power per user
Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W =

43 dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node B
type and configuration.
This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx power
per radio link.
Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.
EIRP
EIRP is calculated as follows
Downlink EIRP MIN(MaxTxPower,TxPowerUser) Cable loss - MHAinsertionloss Transmit Antenna Gain

54
DL Power calculation
The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods
Max DL RL power
This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters
DL Tx power per user
average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.
In case of low load then Max DL power is limiting

In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting
The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors
The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX power
per user EIRP is calculated as follows:
Downlink EIRP MIN(MaxTxPower,TxPowerUser) Cable loss - MHAinsertionloss Transmit Antenna Gain
As an example:
Service Type
Speech
CS Data
PS Data
Downlink bit rate
12.2
64
64
128
384
kbps
Max tx power per connection
34.2
37.2
37.2
40.0
40.0
dBm
Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load
34.6
38.6
37.6
40.3
42.0
dBm
EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain)
52.2
55.2
55.2
58.0
58.0
dBm

55
R99 DL Link Budget

Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure
Handset NF varies between
frequency and can vary between
different models
Interference margin
Interference margin is defined
based on downlink load and
interference
Thermal noise
As defined in Uplink
Interference floor
Interference _ floor Thermal noise Handset noise figure interference margin

56

Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well as
between models
3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance
for different frequencies
For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dB
requirement for UE
For lower frequencies (e.g. 900 MHz) 11 dB requirement is specified

57
R99 DL Link Budget

Service Eb/No
Related to the selected service in
DL
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Refer to Uplink part
Service Processing gain

Related to the service bit rate
Receiver Sensitivity
As defined in UL
Receiver Sensitivity Interference_floor Required Eb/No ProcessingGain

58
R99 DL Link Budget

RX antenna gain
Commonly in data cards some antenna gain is
defined, commonly this is just 2 dBi.
Assumption needs to be as defined in UL
Body loss
Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider
the body loss if defined e.g. for voice service in
UL
DL Fast fading margin

No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was
noted in UL. In DL fast fading margin is not
usually applied due to lower power control
dynamic range.
SHO gain
In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticed
compared to the UL.

This is harmonized between UL/DL as the
selection of better cell can happen in either
direction independently.

59
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL

In edge of the cell a 3 4 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0
in SHO situations compared to single link reception
Combination of 2 3 signals
Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB
In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an average
over the cell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining
soft and softer handovers included
from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover

average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the average
difference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)
40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft
handover
taking into account the effect multiple transmitters
combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool
in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two

branches)
60
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL

Dynamic Simulator
Result for 2 branches
(+3 dB for single link)
Total DL Tx power of all branches
SHO MDC gain (dB)
2
1
0
-1
-2
Soft HO
-3
-4
0
10
Softer HO
Difference between the SHO links (dB)
MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h

61
R99 DL Link Budget

These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
The rest of the calculation are as

shown in Uplink link budget
Building penetration loss as defined for
UL
Location probability and standard
deviation as defined for UL
Isotropic calculation and allowed

propagation loss are calculated
almost as earlier with few differences
(no MHA gain, DL gains and factors)
Isotropic power required Receiver sensitivity RxAntennaG ain cable loss
DL fast fade margin - DLSHO gain BPL slow fade margin
Allowedprop.loss EIRP - Isotropicpower required

62
Module Contents
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

63
Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA

Overall same approach as normal R99
uplink link budget except the
requirement to include a peak overhead
for the HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependent
upon the selected associated DCH
(16/64/128/384).
Use the values with soft handover as at
the cell edge connection is commonly in
SHO
Without SHO can be used in some special
case like I-HSPA without Iur interfaces
Rest of the link budget is the same as

for a conventional Uplink link budget
The soft handover gain effect on the cell
radius and site coverage

64
Module Contents
R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

65
HS-PDSCH link budget

In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted
Target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottom to
determine the maximum allowed path loss
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed from
bottom to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge
The total transmit power assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends on
RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH traffic load
HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover, which leads to SHO gain of 0 dB
An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL when
HSDPA is active

66
HS-PDSCH link budget

Cell edge throughput affects the required
SINR
Max Tx power is the allocated power for HSPDSCH which depends on the CCCH and in
shared carrier also on the required DCH power
41 dBm in 20 W dedicated HSDPA carrier
SINR Requirement depends on the required

cell edge throughput
Spreading gain is calculated from the used

spreading factor 16
Soft handover gain is 0 dB because no SHO

on HS-PDSCH

67
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link budget

The HSDPA power corresponds to the total transmit
power assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH.
Thus in dimensioning the HS-SCCH power have to be
noticed from the total HSDPA power.
C/I requirement computed from SINR rather than

Eb/No like in R99
R99
PHS PDSCH _ tx
PtxMaxHSDPA PHS SCCH _ tx
C/I Requirement = Eb/No Processing Gain
HSDPA C/I Requirement = SINR Spreading Gain
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted

Relationship between SINR and RLC throughput can
be validated as part of a practical investigation
No fast fade margin because no inner loop power
control
HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover
Other differences:
UE antenna gain can be assumed to be 2 dBi or 0 dBi
No body loss

68
SINR requirement
Spreading Gain = 12 dB,
due to the SF16
HSDPA signal quality SINR

HSDPA signal quality (SINR) depends on
Available power for HSDPA

Channel conditions
Cell range (pathloss)
Interference level over cell area
HSDPA features and configuration
Transmitted
HS-PDSCH
power
Spreading
Factor
PHS PDSCH
SINR SF16
1
Ptot 1
G
Total
Transmit
Power

69
Orthogonality
factor
Geometry
Factor
The single-user HSDPA

throughput versus its average
HS-DSCH SINR is plotted.
Notice that these results
include the effect of fast fading
and dynamic HS-DSCH link
adaptation (and HARQ).
An average HS-DSCH SINR
of 23 dB is required to achieve
the maximum data rate of 3.6
Mbps with 5 HS-PDSCH
codes
Benefit from using higher
codes (10/15) is only
experienced for higher SINR
values >10 dB
70
Average single-user throughput [Mbps]
SINR and HSDPA Throughput

HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,
1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
4.0
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
-10
-5
10
15
20
Average
HS-DSCH
SINR[dB]
[dB]
Average SINR
(1 HS-PDSCH)
Micro cell,
LOS, low
interferenc
e
Insid
e
macr
Common cell o
edge condition cell
25
30
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link

budget
Cell radius calculation
The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs
Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W)
Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs and
with different HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)

71
HS-SCCH link budget

HS-SCCH makes use of power control based
upon HS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK
Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit power
although a greater power can be assigned for
UE at cell edge
Oc cura nces
18000
16000
HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
800
760
720
680
640
600
560
520
480
440
400
360
320
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)
HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover

72
HSDPA throughput Orthogonality

Close to the BTS the own
cell interference dominates
and SINR depends only on
HSDPA power share of total
cell power and orthogonality
0.9
0.8
0.7
Orthogonality
PHS PDSCH
SINR SF16
Ptot 1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Even in these optimal

conditions high throughput
requires high orthogonality
Orthogonality of higher than 0.9
can be achieved in isolated
environment
73
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Throughput, kbps
10% BTS pow er for HSDPA
9000
Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link

budget
UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL power limitation
Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate
Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power
4W 75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W 330 kbit/s, 16 W 430 kbit/s
165.00
160.00
PS 16 UL, HSDPA
Maximum pathloss
155.00
PS 64 UL, HSDPA
PS 128 UL, HSDPA
150.00
PS 384 UL, HSDPA

HSDPA, 4 W
145.00
HSDPA, 8 W
HSDPA, 12 W
140.00
HSDPA, 16 W
135.00
130.00
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HSDPA throughput
74
400
450
500
Module Contents
R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

75
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)

Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of two
approaches can be adopted
target uplink bit rate can be specified and link
budget completed from top to bottom to
determine the maximum allowed path loss
existing maximum allowed path loss can be
specified and link budget completed from bottom
to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rate
at cell edge
Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that

of a R99 DCH
HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/No
figures rather than SINR figures

76
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)

Eb/No look-up tables
Cell Edge Throughput

Target BLER
Propagation Channel
used to index the Eb/No

look-up table and
determine an appropriate
Eb/No figure as well as
calculate processing gain
Eb/No values are included for

Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps
Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 %
Propagation channels Vehicular A 30 km/hr and Pedestrian A 3
km/hr
Eb/No values include E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH

77
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III)

Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a
HSDPA associated R99 DPCH link budget.
Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured for
either a data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2
dBi
HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Next
table shows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHO
case:
Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise Figure +

Interference
Margin - Own Connection Interference
Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)
The own connection interference factor reduces the uplink
interference floor by the UEs own contribution to the uplink
interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power
This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets
because the contribution from each UE is relatively small
This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because
uplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink interference
contribution from each UE can be more significant
78
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)
The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that for

a R99 DCH link budget
Receiver Sensitivity =
floor + Eb/No Gain
Interference
Processing
Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are the

same as for a R99 DCH link budget
same fast fade margin due to same inner loop
power control
No differences in calculations

79
Module Contents
R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

80
CPICH link budget

CPICH reception is required for
cell access and synchronisation
The CPICH link budget is similar

to the downlink service link
budget
The CPICH transmit power is

defined by RNC parameter
The CPICH link budget is

calculated based on C/I
requirement(Ec/Io) of -15 dB
CPICH reception does not benefit

from soft handover
81
Channel
CPICH
Service
Pilot
Transmitter - Node B
Pilot Tx Power
33.00
dBm
Cable Loss
0.5
dBi
MHA Insertion Loss
0.0
dB
Tx Antenna Gain
18
dB
EIRP
50.5
dBm
Receiver - Handset
dB
Thermal Noise
-108
dBm
Downlink Load
80
dB
Interference Margin
6.99
dB
Interference Floor
-94.0
dBm
Required Ec/Io
-15.0
dB
Receiver Sensitivity
-109.0
dBm
Rx Antenna Gain
dB
Body Loss
dB
DL Fast Fade Margin
dB
SHO gain
dB
2.5
dB
Building Penetration Loss
12
dB
Indoor Location Prob.
90
Indoor Standard Dev.
10
dB
Shadowing Margin
7.8
dB
Isotropic Power Required
-88.7
dB
Allowed Prop. Loss
139.2
dB
Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage

The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power
Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease the
2W pilot 142 dB and 550 kbit/s
165
160
Maximum pathloss
155
2W CPICH
3W CPICH
150
4W CPICH
HSDPA, 2W CPICH
145
HSDPA, 3W CPICH
HSDPA, 4W CPICH
140
135
130
50
82
100
150
200
250
300
350
HSDPA throughput
400
450
500
Module Contents
R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

83
Planning margins
Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path loss
estimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna
In coverage planning additional planning margins are
introduced to take into account
Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radio
path Slow fading
Signal attenuation by building structures for indoor users
Attenuation to the signal caused by phone user Body loss
If not taken into account in link budget

84
Slow fading margin

Slow fading is caused by signal
shadowing due to obstructions on
the radio path
A cell with a range predicted from
maximum pathloss will have a
Coverage Probability of about 75
%
Lot of coverage holes due to
shadowing
Max pathloss
from link budget
Max pathloss
from link budget
- Slow fading
margin
Pathloss
prediction model
Pathloss
prediction model
Cell Range
Cell Range
Coverage
probability = 75
% outdoors
Coverage
probability > 75
% outdoor
Slow fading margin (SFM) is

required in order to achieve higher
coverage quality, Coverage
Probability
Smaller cell, less coverage holes
over cell area
Cell range from prediction model

f R Lmax SFM R ........

85
Slow fading margin

Slow Fading Margin
SFM [dB] (xo-Po)
Point Location
Probability,
Pxo
Area Location
Probability, Fu
-5.00
-4.50
-4.00
-3.50
-3.00
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
8.80
9.50
10.00
26.60%
28.69%
30.85%
33.09%
35.38%
37.73%
40.13%
42.56%
45.03%
47.51%
50.00%
52.49%
54.97%
57.44%
59.87%
62.27%
64.62%
66.91%
69.15%
71.31%
73.40%
75.41%
77.34%
79.17%
80.92%
82.57%
84.13%
85.60%
86.43%
88.25%
89.44%
-0.4419
-0.3977
-0.3536
-0.3094
-0.2652
-0.2210
-0.1768
-0.1326
-0.0884
-0.0442
0.0000
0.0442
0.0884
0.1326
0.1768
0.2210
0.2652
0.3094
0.3536
0.3977
0.4419
0.4861
0.5303
0.5745
0.6187
0.6629
0.7071
0.7513
0.7777
0.8397
0.8839
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
1.2964
56.00%
58.00%
59.99%
61.97%
63.93%
65.86%
67.76%
69.63%
71.45%
73.23%
74.96%
76.63%
78.25%
79.81%
81.30%
82.73%
84.09%
85.38%
86.61%
87.76%
88.85%
89.87%
90.82%
91.71%
92.53%
93.29%
93.99%
94.64%
95.00%
95.77%
96.25%

86
Slow fading margin values

presented for the different
Point Location and Area
Location Probability values
Standard Deviation, s = 8dB
SFM = 0
Point Location Probability = 50 %
Area Location Probability = 75 %
Building penetration loss

Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings are estimated by
applying a Building Penetration Loss (BPL) margin
Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to shadowing
by building structures
There are big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10
..15 dB)
signal level increases with
floor number :~1,5 dB/floor
(for 1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
Pref = 0 dB
-15 ...-25 dB

87
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
no coverage
Area Location Probability Indoors

For indoor location area probability calculation, mean penetration losses
have to be added, and increased standard deviation needs to be taken
into account as well:
Add mean values,
superimpose standard deviations
BPLm1 m2 ...mN
2
2
2
outdoor
indoor
... indoor
1
f R L SFM BPL R ........

BPL: Building Penetration Loss [dB]
88
Module Contents
R99 link budget

HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins

89
Propagation Models used in common planning

tools
The most commonly used statistical model
Walfish-Ikegami
Statistical model especially for urban environments
Juul-Nyholm
Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
Statistical to be tuned!
Okumura-Hata
different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)
Deterministic prediction tool for

microcellular environments

90
Deterministic
Ray-tracing
Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata

model
In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of
3G, some additional measurements and adjustments were done in the
framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical
Research (COST)
The validity range for the extended model:
Frequency f: 150 MHz 2000 MHz
Distance R: 1-20 km
BS height hBS: 10-200m
MS height hMS: 1-10m
The correction factor c present in the model depends on area type
area type
Correcti
on
Factor
2 f
5.4 for suburban areas
2 log 10
28
4.78 log 2 f 18.33 log f 44.94
10
10

91
for rural areas
correction
factor [dB]
dense urban areas
-3
city center areas
suburban areas
rural areas
12,27
32,52
Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata

model
L = A + B log 10 (f) - 13.82 log 10 (h BS ) - a(h MS ) [44.9 - 6.55 log 10 (h BS )] log(R)
+ Correction Factor MorphoCorr ection
R .............
69.99 150 MHz f 1500 MHz
A=
46.301500 MHz f 2000 MHz

26.16 150 MHz f 1500 MHz
B=
33.901500 MHz f < 2000 MHz

a(h MS ) = [1,1 log 10 (f) - 0,7] h MS - 1.56 log 10 ( f ) 0.8

92
Coverage Area Coverage Area in Dimensioning

After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be
calculated
When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is
taken into account
Omni
A = 2,6 R12

93
Bi-sector
A= 1,73 R22
Tri-sector
A = 1,95 R32
Cell range calculations Example

Differences on planning margin are reflected to cell size
Speech
Video call
PS Data 384/384
PS Data 384/HSDPA 384
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps
Indoor
1.1 km
1.1 km
0.7 km
0.8 km
0.8 km
0.6 km
Speech
Video call
PS Data 384/384
PS Data 384/HSDPA 384
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps
Indoor
2.0 km
2.0 km
1.2 km
1.4 km
1.5 km
1.3 km

94
Uplink limited
Uplink limited
Uplink limited
Downlink limited
Downlink limited
Downlink limited
Uplink limited
Uplink limited
Uplink limited
Downlink limited
Downlink limited
Downlink limited
2100 MHz
G_ant = 18.5 dBi
900 MHz
G_ant = 16 dBi
Effect of planning margin on coverage area

Planning margin parameter settings have a major effect on
the cell area calculations
NRT 64/384 planning margin effect on Coverage Area
(stepped +/- 1dB)
120%
Effect in Coverage Area
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
-6
-4
-2
-20% 0
-40%
-60%
-80%
Change of param eter
Building penetration loss change (ref = 16dB)

Indoor standard deviation change (ref = 12dB)
95
Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA vs. GSM
HSPA overview

Planning margins

96
Module Contents

DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radio network
Topology
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning

97
Basic Traffic Model
Module Contents
model
Topology
Radio network
Traffic estimate and

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning

98
Basic Traffic Model
Traffic estimation
The traffic estimation requires information related to the
network topology, subscribers and traffic
Cell area from Capacity dimensioning
Subscriber density from marketing
Subscriber traffic profile from marketing
Topology
Subscribers
Cell area
Basic Traffic Model
Subs density
+
Traffic / cell
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Traffic / site
Channel Card
Dimensioning
99
Traffic / subscriber
Subscriber density
Operator subscriber density depends on
Population density
Mobile phone penetration
Operator market share
The subscriber density can be considered quite stable in

mature markets
Mobile phone penetration close to 100% for basic services
Major changes possible only when new operators come to the market
or with aggressive marketing campaigns
In developing markets fast changes in mobile phone

penetration and operator market share
100
Traffic information
The subscriber density and user traffic profile are the main requirements
for capacity dimensioning
Traffic forecast should be done by analysing the offered Busy Hour traffic
per subscriber for different services in each rollout phase
Traffic data:
Voice :
Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Codec bit rate, Voice activity
Video call :
Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Service bit rates
NRT data :
Average throughput (kbps) subscriber during busy hour of the network
Target bit rates

101
User traffic profile - Marketing Forecast

(Average) traffic demand per subscriber in busy hour: 2008/2009
Speech telephony:
Video telephony:
SMS
Data services
20 23 mErl
2,5 3.0 mErl
0.3
~ 500 900 bps
Source: Mobile Networks:Subscription Tool - Market Compendium Summer 2006 [Subscriber

Number & Speech traffic]
Marketing data predict Minutes of use per subscriber per month (MoU)
Mapping of MoU values to traffic demand per subscriber in busy hour
High customer segment: 0.68% of monthly traffic in busy hour
- Considering 22 days and 15% daily traffic in BH
Medium customer segment: 0.5 % of monthly traffic in busy hour
Low customer segment: 0.33% of monthly traffic in busy hour

102
User traffic profile - Speech traffic evolution
Traffic _ Demand [mErl ]
Minutes _ of _ use _ per _ Subscriber / Month BH _ concentration _ ratio 60 1000

Days 3600
Speech traffic evolution

40,00
35,00
mErl
30,00
25,00
High traffic customer
20,00
Medium traffic customer
15,00
Low traffic customer
10,00
5,00
0,00
2006
103
2007
2008
2009
year
2010
2011
User traffic profile - Video Call traffic evolution
[mErl]
3,5
2,5
2
2006

104
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
User traffic profile - Data traffic evolution
3000
2750
2000
PS data traffic demand

[bps] per subscriber in
busy hour: 2006 2011
1750
High medium low
1500
(includes various PS data

applications)
2500
[bps/subscriber in BH]
2250
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
2006
105
2007
2008
High
2009
Medium
2010
Low
2011
Example: Traffic estimation

Cell area: 10 km2
Planning area: 100 km2 and 10 000 subscribers 100 subs/km2
1000 subs/cell
User profile
Speech traffic: 25 mErl/subs/BH
NRT data traffic: DL 750 bps/subs/BH, UL 75 bps/subs/BH
Cell traffic: Speech - 25 Erl/cell/BH, NRT data DL - 750

kbps/cell/BH, NRT data UL - 75 kbps/cell/BH

106
Traffic model
Traffic model is used to derive the required capacity from
average traffic and service quality requirement
Real time traffic (speech, video call, video streaming) is

commonly modelled with Erlang-B model
Average traffic (Erlangs)
Blocking probability (%)
Required number of traffic channels
Non-real time traffic (web, email services) can be modelled as

average traffic with defined overhead

107
Packet data modelling

Packet data traffic is a sum of multiple services with different
traffic profiles and service quality requirements
Accurate modelling of packet data traffic requires multiple assumptions
and complex simulations
Practical packet data traffic model utilises average bit rate

with fixed overhead for protocol and QoS
The overhead can assumed to be 27%
This figure includes the L2 re-transmission overhead of 10% and 15%
of buffer headroom to avoid overflow (peak to average load ratio
headroom) => (1+0.10) x (1+0.15) = 1.265 => 26.5% overhead
Required bit rate = (1 + Overhead) * Average bit rate

108
Example: Traffic models

Cell traffic: 25 Erl/cell/BH, 750 kbps/cell/BH
Speech: 25 Erl & 2% blocking 34 traffic channels

NRT data DL: 750 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 945 kbps
NRT data UL: 75 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 94.5 kbps

109
Module Contents

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Topology
Radio network
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning

110
Basic Traffic Model
Load Calculation Introduction

Cell load calculation is needed in order to estimate the level
of air interface load in the cell
Load estimation
Traffic inputs
Load/cell
Link budget
Air interface load
Cell range
Air interface load depends on service mix, radio propagation

conditions, network topology and number of active
connections as well as traffic inputs or load estimation
Service type Bitrate, Eb/N0
Propagation conditions Eb/N0, Orthogonality
Network topology Little i
111
Air interface capacity

WCDMA air interface capacity can be estimated with system
simulations and/or analytical load calculations
System simulations provide a complete system model and
possibility to model system specific parameters and network
layout
Complex tools, not feasible to use for dimensioning
Dimensioning can be done with pre-analysed results Limited
possibility to change system parameters
Analytical models utilise system and environment specific

input parameters and simple models
Simple analysis can be done as part of dimensioning process
Parameters configurable flexible model
Results rely on realistic input parameter values
112
Uplink load equation for DCH

Simplified uplink load equation can be used to evaluate the uplink DCH capacity
Activity factor EbNo requirement
Uplink load
jN
Eb / No j
j 1
W / Rj
UL j
Chip rate
1 a * i
Intercell
interference ratio
Rise in intercell
interference ratio
Bit rate
18
Activity factor for speech must account for
113
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
loading/%
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
loss/dB
DPCCH. 67% for uplink based upon 50 %

speech activity
Rise in intercell interference ratio (power rise)
dependant upon average UE speed
Intercell interference ratio (little i) depends
upon the network layout and environment
16
UL Little i
In the real environment we will never have separated cell.
Therefore in the load factor calculation the other cell
interferences should be taken into account.
This can be introduced by means of the Little i value, which
describes how much two cells overlap (bigger overlapping
more inter-cell interferences)
I OTHER
i
I OWN

114
Iother
Downlink load equation for DCH

Downlink load equation can be used to evaluate the downlink DCH capacity
when combined with a link budget
Downlink load
Intercell
Activity factor EbNo requirement interference
ratio
jN
Eb / No j
j 1
W / Rj
DL (1 SHO _ OH ) j
1 i
Soft handover
Chip Load
rate Equation
Bit rate
overhead Downlink
Orthogonality
Activity factor for speech must account for DPCCH. 63% for downlink based
upon 50 % speech activity
Orthogonality dependant upon the propagation channel conditions
Intercell interference ratio (little i) depends upon the network layout and
propagation environment
115
Other cell to own cell interference and SHO

overhead
The level of interference received from neighbouring cell
depends strongly on
Network layout (site locations, antenna directions & sectorisation)
Propagation environment (propagation slope)
Soft handover overhead is related to the cell coverage

overlap and other cell interference level
Below simulated DL values

116
Load Calculation Examples

Load factor for different services has to be calculated separately, total load
is then the sum of different services in the cell area
UL/DL single connection load examples are shown in the table below
For example 50 % UL load means on average 50 speech users or about 9
64 kbits/s users/cell in a 3-sector (1+1+1) configuration
Services UL Fractional Load DL Fractional Load

12.2 kbit/s
0,97%
1,00%
64 kbits/s
4,80%
6,21%
128 kbits/s
8,56%
11,07%
384 kbits/s
22,89%
29,59%
Total Load
37,22%
47,87%
117
Total base station DL power R99 traffic

Total DL base station transmit power can be a limiting factor
in highly loaded cell
TOT
PDL
N E N
PCCCH
1
b
0 j
PN
j LSERV , j
1 DL
1 DL
j 1 W R j
where,
Lserv is the pathloss of user j. The pathloss is defined as total
loss from BTS transmitter to the receiver
PCCCH is the total common control channel power

118
Example - Total DL power and load

Total DL power increases exponentially when the 100% load is approached
Higher common control channel allocation consumes larger part of DL power
4 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 10.5 W
8 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 18.5 W
PtxTotal with different common channel power
40.0
35.9
33.1
35.0
30.4
30.0
26.3
PtxTotal
25.0
14.0
10.0
21.3
20.6
18.5
20.0
15.0
26.0
23.1
15.3
4W
17.9
16.7
8W
15.4
12.9
11.8
11.111.9
10.5
10.3
9.7
9.4
9.1
8.0 8.5
7.7 8.5
6.4 7.0
5.9
5.0 5.4
4.0 4.3 4.7
13.4
5.0
Downlink DCH load

119
91%
86%
82%
77%
73%
68%
64%
59%
54%
50%
45%
41%
36%
32%
27%
23%
18%
14%
9%
5%
0%
0.0
Example load calculation

Speech: 34 traffic channels
NRT data: DL 945 kbps, UL 94.5 kbps

Fractional load of 12.2 AMR speech: Load DL = 34 * 1.0% = 34%, load
UL = 34 * 0.97% = 33 %
Fractional load of NRT data, 128 kbps bearer: Load DL = 750 kbps/128
kbps * 11.07% = 64.9 %, Load UL = 75 kbps/128 kbps * 8.56% = 5.0 %
Total load DL = 97.9%, total load UL = 38% DL overload!

120
Example Capacity analysis

Speech traffic of 25 Erlangs corresponds average of 25 calls
in the cell
Average speech load: UL 24%, DL 25%
Maximum cell power 20 W with 2 W pilot allows maximum DL

load of 74% in the example cell
In average 49% load margin available for NRT data in DL

49% / 11.07% * 128 kbps = 566 kbps
In average 566 kbps available for NRT data

121
Module Contents

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Topology
Radio network
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning

122
Basic Traffic Model
HSDPA Capacity Introduction

HSDPA dimensioning can be done based on
Requirement to achieve minimum HSDPA throughput at cell edge
Determined from link budget analysis, SINR at cell edge
Requirement to achieve average HSDPA throughput across the cell
Determined by SINR distribution analysis
HSDPA capacity depends on
Available power for HSDPA

Channel conditions
Cell range (pathloss)
Interference level over cell area
HSDPA features
and configuration

123
Spreading
Factor
SINR SF16
Total
Transmit
Power
PHS PDSCH
1
Ptot 1
G
Orthogonality
factor
Transmitted
HS-PDSCH
power
Geometry
Factor
HSDPA Capacity HSDPA power calculation

BTS allocates all unused DL power to HSDPA
All the power available after DCH traffic, HSUPA control channels and
common channels can be used for HSDPA
HSDPA power is shared dynamically between HS-SCCH and

HS-PDSCH
PtxHSDPA PWBTS _ m ax PCCH _ tx PDCH

124
HSDPA Capacity G-Factor

The G Factor reflects the distance between the MS and BS
antenna thus setting a value for G factor means making
assumptions on user location.
A typical range is from -5dB (Cell Edge) to 20dB
Typical G factor distributions (CDF) coming from Nokia
simulation tools as well as operator field experience are
represented in the following chart:
100
PHSDPA
SINR
1
Ptot (1 )
SF16
G
I own
G
Pnoise I other
Cumulative distribution function [%]
90
80
70
Macrocell
(Wallu)
Veh- A/Ped-A
60
50
40
Microcell
(Vodafone)
Ped- A
Macrocell
(Vodafone)
Veh- A/Ped-A
30
20
10
0
-20
-10
10
G-factor [dB]

125
20
30
40
HSDPA capacity and RAN features

HSDPA capacity is influenced by capabilities of the network
and the UE
Number of codes (5, 10, 15) Higher peak bit rate in good conditions
Higher cell throughput
Code multiplexing (multiple 5 code UEs can utilise up to 15 codes)
Higher spectrum efficiency
2500
2.2 Mbps
No code - mux (10/15 code UEs)

Code - mux (5 - code UEs)
2.0 Mbps
2000
HSDPA cell throughput
1.8 Mbps
1.7 Mbps
1.2 Mbps
1500
5 codes
15 codes
10 codes
1000
500
0
0%
5 Codes
10 Codes
Cell capability

126
15 Codes
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
DCH pow er, % of PA
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
Cell size and HSDPA cell throughput

Cell size has an effect on HSDPA cell throughput when cell
edge pathloss is high (large cell or indoor users)
Increase of BTS power has only limited effect on cell
throughput
1400
1200
HSDPA cell throughput
1000
DCH load 10%&20W
DCH load 30%&20W
800
DCH load 50%&20W

DCH load 10%&40W
600
DCH load 30%&40W

DCH load 50%&40W
400
200
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
Cell edge pathloss, dB

127
145
150
155
160
5 codes
HSDPA Capacity with DCH load

DCH power usage influences available HSDPA power and thus HSDPA
throughput
Case 20 W Node B, increasing DCH load lowers the available HSDPA power
HSDPA capacity can be enhanced with optional features

128
Module Contents

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Topology
Radio network
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning

129
Basic Traffic Model
HSUPA Capacity HSUPA Cell Throughput

Methodology
The uplink load is shared between HSUPA and R99 DCH uplink load
Uplink load is translated to uplink C/I using the uplink load equation
UEs distribution inside the cell impacts on possible C/I thus it also impacts on cell
throughput
By default, each Ue is allocated an equal share of UL Load.
The saving in uplink load is re-distributed to the UE closer to the cell
jN
Increase in Interference (dB)
Uplink Load generated Uplink Load available

for HSUPA UE
by R99 DCH
UL
12
10
1
j 1 1
(C / I ) j j
1 a i
C/I = Eb/No Processing Gain

C/I is translated to HSUPA bit rate using the Eb/No
look-up table derived from link level simulations
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
Uplink Load (%)

130
80
TTI
(ms)
Physical
Channel
Eb/No with
RxDiv
1920.0
10
2*SF2
0.5
1440.0
10
2*SF2
0.1
384.0
10
1*SF4
0.9
256.0
10
1*SF4
1.1
128.0
10
1*SF8
1.9
100
Example Target
Uplink Load
Layer 1
Bit Rate
HSUPA Capacity Example

If maximum 80% load is possible through cell
and assuming 5 simultaneous users.
E.g. DCH load 30 %
(80%-30%)/5 = 10% per user
(equal share assumption)
Example Eb/Nos are ITU Vehicular-A 30 km/h
i _ UL PowerRiseUL 0.65

131
Layer 1
Bit Rate
TTI
(ms)
Physical
Channel
Eb/No with
RxDiv
1920.0
10
2*SF2
0.5
1440.0
10
2*SF2
0.1
1024.0
10
2*SF2
0.2
512.0
10
2*SF4
0.6
384.0
10
1*SF4
0.9
256.0
10
1*SF4
1.1
128.0
10
1*SF8
1.9
Thank you !

132

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WCDMA Network Planning and Dimensioning

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WCDMA air interface characteristics

WCDMA network planning overview

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