Day 2

Agenda
Network Module
Worksheet Module
Diffraction Module
Reflection Module
Multipath Module
Applying Divesity and Protection
Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
Network Module
The basic function of the Network Module is to:
Provide a geographic representation of the network
Provide the interface to the intra system interference calculations

Provide access to the design modules for individual Pathloss data files
Sites and links can be entered in different layers that could define regions,
frequency bands, etc. There are a maximum of six site layers and six link
layers, a site and a link cannot exist on more than one layer.
To display the Network Module select Module Network. A blank Network
Worksheet is displayed.
Network Module (Contd)
Defaults:
How the network diagram is to
be displayed can be set up using
the Defaults option. Select
Defaults and a list of settable
options will be displayed.
Select the parameter to be set and enter the desired settings

Opening an Existing Network Diagram:
If a network diagram already exists it can be
opened the using File Open option
Change the path to the directory containing the

network files, select a file and press Open. The
file will be loaded into the network worksheet.

Creating a network diagram:
A network diagram can be created in two ways.
First Method :
The first is by importing existing PL 4 files.
Select Site Data Import, select the path to the
directory where the files are kept, select the
files required to the network diagram and press
Open. The files will be inserted into the
network diagram.

Second Method :
A second method is to enter the site details in the
Site List file and connect the together to form the
desired network. Select Site Data Edit Add.
Type the site name, latitude and longitude and
press OK. Do this for each site in the network..
Once all the sites have been entered close the Site
List dialog box. The sites will be displayed on the
network diagram. Connect the sites together to
form the network

Layers:
Sites and link can be assigned to
different layers to indicate different
options, e.g. frequency, geographic
regions, etc. Sites and links can only exist
in one layer. Sites layers can be set in the
Site List dialog box
Site Layers:
In the Layer Column double click the Site
Layer to be changed and select the desired
layer from the drop down box. Once you
have completed changing the site layers
close the Site List dialog box.

Site Layers:
Link layers can be changed in two ways. The first
is from the Link List dialog box. Select Site Data
Link List.
In the Layer column double click the Link Layer to

be changed and select the desired layer from the
drop down box. Once you have completed
changing the link layers close the Link List dialog
box.

The second method is to place the cursor on the
link to be changed right click the mouse select
Link Layer from the displayed dialog box and
select the link layer required from the dropdown
list and Press OK.
To display or hide layers select Layers, the Layer

selection box will be displayed. Tick or un-tick the
layers to be displayed.
Close the Layer Selection box and the selected

layers will be displayed on the network diagram.

Network Background:
If a DTM is available a background can be
generated for the network display. Select Site
Data Generate Background. The background
generation will start automatically.
Once the generation is completed a
topographical map is displayed behind the
network diagram.
A color legend can be displayed by Selecting

Site Data and ticking Color Legend option.
The background, once generated, can be
switched ON and OFF by Selecting Site Data
and ticking the Show Background option

Add and Move Site:
We can Add a dummy site on Network.
Select Site Data Add Site

Now put the cross where you want to add the site.
Click Add site from Add Site window, and Give name
We can Move site from the Grid Module.

Select Data Move site , select the site and Drag the
site to desired location.
These option mainly use during repeater selection
Worksheet Module
The parameters of the equipment use
for the link are entered in the
worksheet module. Select Worksheet
from the Modules dropdown menu and
the Link Worksheet will be displayed.
First it is necessary to set the work
sheet up for the methods of calculation
to be used when calculating the link
performance
Clicking on the various items displayed

on the profile enters other dialog boxes,
i.e. the Cloud enters the rain data, the
Channel ID box enters the operating
frequencies of the link, etc.
Worksheet Module (Contd)

Reliability Methods:
Select the Operations dropdown menu and select Reliability Methods.
Select the options applicable to

your requirements. The Type can
either be selected as PDH or
SDH depending on the link.
Click OK.

Reliability Methods:
Vigants North American/ITU-R Rep.338 multipath outage model provides an accurate

estimate of performance worldwide in optimally configured and aligned digital microwave
links.
However, the new ITU-R Rec. P.530 model is replacing Vigants Rep. 338 model in many
international regions.

Diversity Operation
If a diversity link is being planned reselect
the Operations menu and select Diversity
Calculations. Set up the Diversity Operation
as shown.
Base band Switching is normally used on

PDH links such as the Ericsson mini-link,
while IF Combining is used on SDH trunk
radios such as the Nera NL2006A equipment.
The Maximum Diversity Improvement should
be limited to 20.
Options
Select the Operations dropdown
menu and select Options.
Tick the Call Sign and Station Code

boxes, this will put the Call Sign and
Station Code on the report sheet when
it is generated.

Rain Data
Click on the Cloud and the Rain dialog
box opens.
Select Horizontal Polarization, as this

rain attenuation is greater using horizontal
polarization than using vertical
polarization. Check the ITU-R P.530-8
option.
Select Load Rain File. Change the
directory path to the directory where the
rain files are stored and select the
appropriate rain file for the region that the
link will operate in. Close the dialog box.
Path Profile Information

Click on the Profile and the Path
Profile Data dialog box opens.
Click on the two Calculate

buttons, once the calculation has
been completed close the dialog
box. Close the Path Profile Data
dialog box

Click on Geo Clim and the Geoclimatic Factor ITU-R P.530-9 dialog box opens
Click on the two Calculate buttons, once the calculation has been completed close the dialog box.
Close the Path Profile Data dialog box

Radio Equipment Selection
Click on the TR symbol and the Radio Equipment
dialog box will be displayed
To enter the microwave radio information, select
the Code Index option. Use the New Index button
to select the directory where the radio information
is stored. Highlight the equipment used by the link
and click the Both button. Close the Radio Code
Index form.
The information entered in the Radio Equipment
form can be edited, e.g. the TX Power can be
reduced if the link is short and does not require it
to operate at full power. Once you have completed
the data entry close the dialog box
Antenna Data Entry

Antenna data is entered by clicking on the
Antenna symbol; this will open the Antenna TRTR dialog box.
To enter the antenna information, select the Code
Index option. Use the New Index button to select
the directory where the antenna information is
stored. Highlight the antennas used by the link
and click the Both or the Site 1 or Site 2 button.
Close the Antenna Code Index form.
If diversity antennas are used on the link repeat
the above procedure for the diversity antennas.
Close the Antenna TR-TR dialog box

Transmission Line Data Entry
The Ericsson Mini-link and the Nera City Link are split
indoor/outdoor microwave terminals and therefore do not
require RF transmission lines as they us an IF cable to
communicate between the indoor and outdoor units.
However if the outdoor unit is connected to an antenna by
Flex Twist waveguide the data for the waveguide has to
be entered into the worksheet. The Nera NL2006A
microwave radio uses elliptical waveguide to connect the
terminal to the antenna and this data must be entered into
the worksheet.
Click on the Transmission Line symbol and the
Transmission Line TR-TR dialog box will be displayed.
Select Lookup and the Transmission Line selection box will
be shown. Use the Files Open command to select the
directory where the transmission line files are stored.
Highlight the transmission line to be used on the link and
click the button for the side of the link the transmission
line is to be used. This will enter the transmission line data
in to the Transmission Line TR-TR dialog box. Close the
Transmission Line Data form. Enter the Length of the
transmission line and the calculation to be carried out.
Enter 0.25 as connector losses for both sides of the link.
If the link uses diversity antennas repeat the above
procedure for the diversity transmission line. Close the
Transmission Line TR-TR dialog box.

Branching Network Data Entry
Click on the Circulator picture and the
Branching Network TR-TR dialog box
will be displayed. The filter losses, TX
switch, RX hybrid and any other losses
associated with the microwave radio
transmission and reception paths are
entered in this form.
Once data entry has been completed,

close the form.
Frequency Selection
Select the Channel ID symbol and the TX Channels
dialog box will be displayed.
Select Lookup and the TX Channels selection box
will be shown. Use the Files Open command to
select the directory where the frequency files are
stored. Highlight the frequency required and select
which site is to transmit high. Close the frequency
selection box. If the polarization requires changing,
double click the position of the frequency in the POL
column the polarization will toggle between V and
H. Once the settings are complete close the TX
channels dialog box. If the terminal uses ATPC the
value is also entered in this form

Make sure of either our Path
Calculation is correct or we need
to revise again. To do that please
check the followings
Make sure that your worksheet

page has Green Correct sign in
Right Bottom of screen. If it is
wrong sign that's mean there are
some data mistake
Have a look to RX Signal, Fade

Margin & (Annual Availability
with rain) Percentage as per
shown in Fig.
Report Generation
Click Report on the Worksheet screen, then click Full Report, a Report Sheet is
generated listing all the equipment and its parameters used in the link. It also provides a
performance report on how well the link is expected to perform once installed.
This performance report needs to be checked to make sure that the link performance
meets the standard for quality and availability. If it does not meet these requirements
close the form and edit the equipment and/or change the frequency of operation until the
standards are met.
Under the Files option on the Report Form, the report can be Copied, Saved or Printed.
Page Setup and Printer Setup options are also found here.
Once you are satisfied with the link performance and the equipment used close the
Report Form.

MNI
MNI
TOI
N-TOI-8091
Elevation (m)
Latitude
Longitude
True azimuth ()
Vertical angle ()
351.83
34 04 30.19 N
072 35 19.38 E
101.51
-0.36
348.95
34 04 05.38 N
072 37 45.61 E
281.54
0.33
Antenna model
Antenna height (m)
Antenna gain (dBi)
ML23-0.6HP
35.00
39.50
ML23-0.6HP
15.00
39.50
Frequency (MHz)
Polarization
Path length (km)
Free space loss (dB)
Atmospheric absorption loss (dB)
Field margin (dB)
Net path loss (dB)
Radio model
TX power (watts)
TX power (dBm)
EIRP (dBm)
Emission designator
TX Channels
RX threshold criteria
RX threshold level (dBm)
RX signal (dBm)
Thermal fade margin (dB)
Geoclimatic factor
Path inclination (mr)
Fade occurrence factor (Po)
Average annual temperature (C)
Worst month - multipath (%)
(sec)
Annual - multipath (%)
(sec)
(% - sec)
Rain region
0.01% rain rate (mm/hr)
Flat fade margin - rain (dB)
Rain rate (mm/hr)
Rain attenuation (dB)
Annual rain (%-sec)
Annual multipath + rain (%-sec)
23000.00
Vertical
3.83
131.36
0.73
1.00
54.09
ML23E St 17E1.raf
5.01e-03
7.00
46.50
28M6G7W
F23/1H 23030.0000V
BER 10-6
-79.00
54.09
ML23E St 17E1.raf
5.01e-03
7.00
46.50
28M6G7W
F23/1L 21798.0000V
BER 10-6
-79.00
-47.09
31.91
-47.09
31.91
1.19E-04
5.98
3.54E-05
10.00
100.00000
0.06
100.00000
0.18
100.00000 - 0.36
100.00000
0.06
100.00000
0.18
ITU Region K
42.00
31.91
101.22
31.91
99.99904 - 301.56
99.99904 - 301.92
Sat, Nov 10 2007

MNI-TOI.pl4
Reliability Method - ITU-R P.530-9
Rain - ITU-R P.530-8
Diffraction Module
This module should never have to be
used as links should not be designed
that are obstructed. If however, there
is no alternative a link can be
designed that is obstructed, provided
that the diffraction loss does not
exceed 25% of the fade margin at
Kmin.
Select Module Diffraction Loss. The

Diffraction Loss Module is displayed.
To draw the Fresnel zones press F2,
the Fresnel Zone option box is
displayed. Select how you want the
Fresnel zones to be displayed and
press Draw. Close the Fresnel Zone
option box when you are finished.
Diffraction Module (Contd)
Calculating Diffraction Loss

Set the value of K to 1.33 using the K dropdown menu at
the top of the screen. If the path is obstructed then the
link should be rejected and an alternative route found.
Set the value of K to Kmin using the K dropdown menu
at the top of the screen. To do this you may have to edit
the K list. Click on Configure Edit K List, a list of
default K values is displayed. Edit this list to include the
Kmin value for the link. Close list when done.
Press F9 to calculate the Diffraction Loss of the link.
Click on the Tick on the report to accept the values. If the
value exceeds 25% of the fade margin the link should be
rejected and an alternative route found.
Select Modules Worksheet. You will be asked if you
want to include the diffraction loss in the work sheet. If
the link is to be implemented the value should be
included in the worksheet.
Path Fading
Relative Air
Density
Refraction or reflections can cause dynamic

multipath fading which can severely affect
digital path performance
Warm-Cold
Boundary
Layer
Super Refractive Layer

Refracted Ray
Primary Ray
Tx
Reflected Ray
Rx
Radio Refractivity Vs Height
Fading typically increases with path distance

Path Fading
For Ground & Water Reflections
Rm-m
k = 4/3
Water Reflections
Reflection Module
Reflections can cause the degradation of the received signal on a microwave link
depending on the amplitude of the signal and the phase delay at which it arrives. If the
reflected signal delay is greater than 20 40 nanoseconds, performance problems on high
capacity systems can occur unless the reflected signal amplitude is at least 40 dB below the
direct signal. Reflection analysis should be carried out in both direction of the link.
Select Module Reflections, the Reflections Worksheet is displayed.
Reflection Module (Contd)

Defining the Reflective Plane
Select Define Plane and the Define Reflective

Plane Worksheet will be displayed.
To define one end of the plane place the arrow to
the desired position on one side of the profile and
press F1 the arrow will change color. Next place
the arrow at the desired position at the other end
of the profile and press F1 the arrow will change
color and reflection symbol will appear on the
profile where the reflection will occur. Click the
OK button to accept the reflective plan
Modifying Terrain
Roughness
Select Modify Roughness and the
Terrain Roughness Worksheet is
displayed.
Select Fresnel Zones and draw 100%

Fresnel zone to the reflection point. Close
the Fresnel Zone options box. Place the
arrow at one end of the area covered by
the Fresnel zone and press F1, move the
arrow to the other end of the Fresnel zone
and press F1 again. The terrain roughness
of the area will be calculated. Press OK to
accept the value.
Modifying reflection Parameters

The reflected signal will be attenuated by ground cover so this value should be included in
the calculation. Select Modify Parameters, the Modify Reflection Parameters dialog box is
displayed.
The terrain roughness previously calculated and the antenna 3 dB beam width has entered in
the form ground Cover Clearance Loss can be entered. This can vary between 0 to greater
than 15 dB depending on the ground cover. The PL 4 manual suggests the following values:
0 to 1 dB
Water, desert or salt flats
1 to 3 dB
Fields with low vegetation or low grass
3 to 6 Db
Sage bush, field with high vegetation or high grass
8 to 15 dB
Partially wooded areas including trees along the road which are perpendicular
to the path
>15 dB
heavily wooded areas
.

Tick the Use Divergence box. Divergence is the scattering of a reflected signal due to the
curvature of the earth. Click OK

Varying Parameters to see the Effect of reflections
Select Variable, a drop down menu is displayed and a number of parameters can be varied. For this
example Earth Radius Factor (K) will be used.
Select Earth Radius Factor (K), a dialog box is displayed in which the parameters of the calculation
can be edited. Once you have completed editing them press OK and a graph showing the effect of
Earth radius Factor (K) will be displayed.
All other variable parameters work in the same manner
Dispersion Report
Select Dispersion and the Dispersion
Analysis Report will be displayed.
The two most important items on this

report are: Reflection Loss and Reflection
Delay. The Antenna Heights and Earth
Radius Factor (K) can be edited and the
result of the changes will be reflected in
the report. Once you are finished editing
the report press OK.
Multipath Module
Unless reliable atmospheric data is
available this module cannot be used
with any accuracy. The Multipath
module displays ray traces for various
atmospheric gradients.
Select Module Multipath and the

Multipath Worksheet is displayed.
The display above shows reflected ray

as well as the ray trace for a constant
gradient atmospheric scenario.

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Agenda

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Provide the interface to the intra system interference calculations

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Select the parameter to be set and enter the desired settings

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Change the path to the directory containing the

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

In the Layer column double click the Link Layer to

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

To display or hide layers select Layers, the Layer

Close the Layer Selection box and the selected

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

A color legend can be displayed by Selecting

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Select Site Data Add Site

We can Move site from the Grid Module.

These option mainly use during repeater selection

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Clicking on the various items displayed

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Select the options applicable to

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Module (Contd)

Vigants North American/ITU-R Rep.338 multipath outage model provides an accurate

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Base band Switching is normally used on

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Tick the Call Sign and Station Code

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Select Horizontal Polarization, as this

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Path Profile Information

Click on the two Calculate

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Worksheet Module (Contd)

Antenna Data Entry

Close the Antenna TR-TR dialog box

Copyright 2007 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.