Lectures

Introduction

Review

Quality and
treatment

Treatment

Reactors

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Equalization

Precipitation

Activated
sludge

Filtration

Sorption

Trickling
filter

Settling

Ion
exchange

Desalination

Disinfection

Coagulation

CIVL375-Maraqa

REVIEW

CIVL375-Maraqa

Units of Measurement
Basic units and conversion factors
Quantity

SI Units

SI Symbol

Conversion
Factor

Length

Meter

3.2808

ft

Mass

Kilogram

kg

2.2046

lb

Temperature

Celsius

oC

1.8(oC)+32

oF

Area

Square meter

m2

10.7639

ft2

Volume

Cubic meter

m3

35.3147

ft3

Energy

Kilojoule

kJ

0.9478

Btu

Power

Watt

3.4121

Btu/hr

Velocity

Meter/sec

m/s

2.2369

mi/hr

Flow rate

Meter3/sec

m3/s

35.3147

ft3/s

Density

Kilogram/meter3

kg/m3

0.06243

lb/ft3

Gallon is a unit of volume = 3.785 liters

You may download the program convert.exe for future use
http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/geparker/how_to_use_convert.htm

USCS
Units

Prefixes

CIVL375-Maraqa

Quantity

Prefix

Symbol

10-9

nano

10-6

micro

10-3

milli

10-2

centi

10-1

deci

10

deka

da

102

hector

103

kilo

106

mega

109

giga

Periodic Table
Group 1
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

10 11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18

He

10

Li Be

Ne

11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na Mg

Al Si

Cl Ar

31

33

34

35

19 20

21 22 23 24

25 26

K Ca

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

37 38

39 40 41 42

52

53

54

Rb Sr

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te

Xe

55 56

71 72 73 74

85

86

43 44
75 76

27
45
77

Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
87 88

28
46
78

29
47
79

30
48
80

49
81

32
50
82

51
83

Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi

84

36

Po At Rn

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo

57 58 59 60

61 62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

89 90 91 92

93 94

95

96

97

98

99

100 101 102

*Lanthanoids * La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
**Actinoids ** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

Source: http://www.webelements.com/

Concentration
Solute

contaminant

Solvent
pure water

Solution

water or wastewater to be treated

Units of Concentration
mg/L = part per million (ppm) for dilute solution
ug/L= part per billion (ppb)
Molarity (mol/L); number of moles= mass/ atomic or molecular weight
Normality (eq/L); number of equivalents= mass/ equivalent weight
mg/L as CaCO3
Concentration of X (mg / L) 50 (mg CaCO3 / meq )
mg
of X as CaCO3
L
Eq. wt. of X (mg / meq )

Percent by mass

Example:
Gulf sea water contains about 4% total dissolved solids
(TDS). What is the concentration of TDS in mg/l

Solution:
4% means 4 g TDS/ 100 g water
Since 1000 g water is 1 liter, then 100 g water is 0.1 liter.
4% = 4000 mg TDS/ 0.1 liter water
= 40,000 mg/ liter

CIVL375-Maraqa

Solids
Solids in water

Suspended
(turbidity)

Dissolved
(mainly salinity)
Filtration

Solids in water

Volatile (organic)

Fixed (inorganic:
salts and metals)

Combustion at 550 oC
CIVL375-Maraqa

Microorganisms
Microorganism

Size (um)

Viruses

0.02-0.3

Bacteria

0.1-10

Some are pathogenic

Cholera, typhoid

Algae

1-100

Non pathogenic

Fungi

Few umseveral cm

Protozoa

10-300

CIVL375-Maraqa

Disease
All pathogenic
AIDS, hepatitis, mad cow

Many are nonpathogenic

Some are pathogenic
Amebic dysentery, malaria

Test for Pathogens

Total coliform

35 oC

Fecal

44.5 oC

Nonfecal

Membrane Filter Technique

Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique

Note: Pathogenic means disease-causing. Also note that all coliforms are
non pathogenic except E. Coli, but they are good indicator of the presence
of pathogens.
CIVL375-Maraqa

Water pollution

Physical
Radiological

Thermal
Solids

Radio-isotopes

Chemical

Hardness
Heavy metals

Biological
Pathogens

Nutrients
Pesticides
Oxygen demanding waste
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

CIVL375-Maraqa

Treatment Reactors
Batch Reactors
Completely Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR)
Plug-Flow Reactors
Dispersed Plug-Flow Reactors
Packed bed Reactors
Fluidized Packed bed Reactors

CIVL375-Maraqa

Reactions

Transform

Chemical

Transfer

Biological
Volatilization

Hydrolysis

Aerobic degradation

Radioactive decay

Anaerobic degradation Sorption

Photodegradation
Combustion
Oxidation-reduction

CIVL375-Maraqa

Ion exchange
Bio uptake
Sedimentation

Industry

Wells
Pollution Control

Industry
Pretreatment

Wells

Stream
Lake or
Sea

WTP

Sanitary
sewer

To
people
Homes

WWTP
Discharge
or reuse
Examples of WTPs:
Al Fujairah, Al Taweela, and Umm Al Nar
Examples of WWTPs:
Zakher, Al Mafraq, Jebel Ali, and Al Aweer
CIVL375-Maraqa

CIVL270 Needed Material

Chemistry and microbiology

Mass balance
Water pollution
Pollution control

CIVL375-Maraqa