SZE 3533

Topic VI
MULTIPLEXING

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 6.1 Introduction
• Process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously is known
as multiplexing
• The main objective of this system is to increase the capacity of a
transmission channel
• 3 multiplexing methods: frequency (FDM), time (TDM) and space
(SDM)

6.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(FDM)

frequency
FDM system can be used in both e
Spac
analog and digital system
fc3
FDM uses a different carrier
frequency for each user fc2

fc1 time

FDM Concept
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Pemodulatan Digi
An example of FDM system with 3 channels:

• In FDM process, each

BPF
vm1 (t) information signal is
fc1
multiplied by a different sub-
carrier frequency i.e fc1 for
vm2 (t) BPF vFDM (t) vm1 (t), fc2 for vm2 (t) and fc3 for
fc2 vm3 (t).
multiplexer • Output of the multiplier will be
vm3 (t) BPF
a double sideband supressed
fc3 carrier signal (DSBSC)

• Each signal will then passed through a BPF

with bandwidth fc+fm or fc-fm.
• Ouput of BPF will then be either lower
sideband (LSB) or upper sideband (USB)
• Output from each filter will be multiplexed
together.

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FDM signal spectrum for 3 sub-carrier

channel channel channel

1 2 3

fc1 fc2 fc3 f

Bandwidth of FDM depends on the number of sub-carrier used. For N

sub-carrier, the bandwidth of FDM is:

BWFDM = Nf m

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Example 6.1 :

4 information signals vm1 (t), vm2 (t), vm3 (t) and vm4 (t) with frequency range
10 Hz ≤ x ≤ 4 kHz were transmitted using FDM system. Center
frequency, fo for this FDM system is 900 MHz. Determine the minimum
sub-carrier frequencies for each information signals. Next, calculate
the bandwidth for the system.
Solution :
Minimum sub-carrier frequency depends on
the minimum bandwidth of the sampled signal.
Minimum bandwidth for each information
signal:
FDM signal spectrum with center freq., fo
BW = f N = 2 f mak
= 900 MHz.
BW = 2( 4kHz )
channel channel channel channel
BW = 8kHz 1 2 3 4
fc1 fc2 fo fc3 fc4 f (MHz)
fc1 - fm 900
fc1 + fm fc3 + fm fc4 + fm
fc2 - fm fc4 - fm
fc2 + fm
fc3 - fm
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 Sub-carrier frequency is the center frequency for each sampled signal
Therefore :

channel channel channel channel

1 2 3 4
fc1 fc2 fo fc3 fc4 f (MHz)
fc1 - fm 900
fc1 + fm fc3 + fm fc4 + fm
fc2 - fm fc4 - fm The number of sub-carrier ,
fc2 + fm
N is 4. Therefore, the
fc3 - fm
bandwidth of the system
f c1 = f o − 3 f m is:
f c1 = 900 MHz − 3(4kHz ) f = f + f B WF D M = N fm
c3 o m
f c1 = 899 .988 MHz f c 3 = 900 MHz + 4kHz = 4(4kHz)
fc2 = fo − fm f c 3 = 900 .004 MHz = 16kHz
f c 2 = 900 MHz − 4kHz fc4 = fo + 3 fm
f c 2 = 899 .996 MHz f c 4 = 900 MHz + 3(4kHz )
f c 4 = 900 .012 MHz

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 6.3 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(TDM)

• TDM is used in digital system.

• TDM system uses a different time slot for each user, but with the same
carrier frequency.

2 types of TDM system:

f • TDM PAM – input signal is a PAM signal.
This signal is transmitted directly as PAM
space samples.
• TDM PCM – Input to this system is the
output of PCM
• TDM PCM system can also received
time (t) signal in the form of PAM samples.
t1 t2 t3 However, these PAM samples need to be
changed to digital form (by using
TDM concept quantizer and encoder or analog to
digital converter) after sampled by the
commutator before transmitting on the
line

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 TDM PCM multiplexing process for 3 information signals:

sample vm1

A/D
sample vm2 converter

sample vm3
commutator

channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 1 channel 2 channel 3

All sampled bits Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled Sampled
for one complete bit vm1 Bit vm2 Bit vm3 Bit vm1 Bit vm2 Bit vm3
cycle of the t1 t2 t3 t
commutator is
known as a Frame period, TF
frame.
TDM PCM signal

Fig. 6.5: The position of the sampled bit information signal

in time domain
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Analysis for Fig. 6.5 : The sampled information signal uses sampling
frequency 8 kHz and coded at a rate of 8 kbps.
• Period for 1 time slot: • Period for 1 frame:

Tchannel = Tsample T frame = ( no of channel ) * Ts

1 T frame = 3(125 µs )
Tchannel = T frame = 375 µs
8kHz
Tchannel =125 µs • No of bits for 1 frame:
• No of bits for each channel: ∑ nframe = ∑ channel * ∑ nchannel
∑nchannel = nsample ∑ nframe = 3(8)
∑ nframe = 24 bit
∑nchannel = 8bit
• Bit rate for each frame, fb(frame) :
• Bit rate for each channel:
fb(frame = no of channels x fb(channel
fb(channel) = fs = 2fm fb(frame = 3 x 8 kbps
fb = 8 kbps fb(frame) = 24 kbps

• BWTDM = fb(frame) = 24 kbps

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 6.4 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(SDM)
• The channel can still
operates eventhough
Transmitter 1 transmission cable receiver 1 there is a fault in one
of the cables.
Transmitter 2 receiver 2
• Easier maintenance
works.
Transmitter 3 receiver 3
• Increase cable cost
SDM uses multiple cables and the size of the
cables becomes
bigger and entangled
transmission medium

Transmitter 1 Antena Receiver 1

D Tx1 Antena D
S Rx1 S
Transmitter 2 P Antena Receiver 2
Antena P
Tx2
Rx2
Transmitter 3 Antena Receiver 3
Tx3 Antena
Rx3
SDM uses smart antenna
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 6.5 FDM TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
An example of an application using FDM system is the L-carrier Line telephone
system by AT&T in US and ITU-T.
FDM hierarchy in telephone system
Channel – telephone (ITU-T standard) used in Malaysia
signal with BW 4 kHz channel 1
.
Basic group
. MUX
Basic Group consists of . 1
Master group = 900
12 telephone channels.
channel 12 telephone chanels with
BW = 48 kHz (12x4 kHz).
. BW = 3.87 MHz. The
Carrier frequency used Basic group 1 MUX Super group
. carrier frequency range
is in the range of 60-108 2
. is 8.516-12.388 MHz.
kHz. Basic group 5
Super group 1 .
. MUX Master group
Super Group = carries 60 3
.
telephone channels. BW = 240 Super group 5
kHz (5x48 kHz). Carrier frequency
Master group 1 .
range 312-552 kHz. Super master
. MUX
4 group
.
Master Group = 300 telephone Master group 3
channels with BW 1.23 MHz.
Carrier frequency range 812-2044 900 telephone channels were transmitted using one
kHz. coaxial cable with BW 4 MHz.
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6.6 TDM TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• 2 standards in telephone system that uses PCM TDM, i.e T Line by

AT&T in US and E Line by CEPT in European countries.

• Telephone system in Malaysia uses the standard fixed by CEPT.

• Transmission process of TDM signals were done by using 32 time
channels for each E1 Line.

⇒ 30 channels carrying voice signals

⇒ 2 channels used for synchronization and
signalling

Frame period = 125µ second

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

Voice channels Voice channels

Synchronization Signaling

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In a CEPT system, a frame contains 256 bits (8 bit x 32 time slots).
Therefore, bit rate is:

frame period, Tkerangka

Bit period, Tb =
total bit
125 µsecond
Bit period , Tb =
256
Bit period, Tb = 488.28 × 10−9 second
1
Bit rate, f b =
Tb
Bit rate, f b = 2.048 Mbps

Bit rate 2.048 Mbps represents the bit rate for one E1 Line in CEPT system.
This bit rate increases through multiplexing process of E1 Line to E2 Line
and so on.

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 Each frame is transmitted in a group of multi-frame that contains 16 frames
(frame 0-15). In this system, 500 multi-frames is transmitted every second.
Fig. 6.11 shows the frame arrangement for a multi frame.

Period for 1 multi frame = 2 msecond

Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frame Time slot

0 0 and 16
1 1 and 17
Fig. 6.11: Multi frame format for E1 Line 2 2 and 18
telephone system 3 3 and 19
4 4 and 20
5 5 and 21
6 6 and 22
Table 6.1: Position of time slot for
7 7 and 23
synchronization and signalling for 1
8 8 and 24
multi frame
9 9 and 25
10 10 and 26
11 11 and 27
12 12 and 28
13 13 and 29
14 14 and 30
15 15 and 31

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 Example : PCM-TDM CEPT System
Frame structure and Timing : European standard PCM system : E Line

488 ns Bit duration

8 bits per
time slot
3.9
µ s
3.9
µ s 30 signal + 2 control = 32 channels = 1 frame

125
µ s
125 Signalling & synchronization
µ s

2 ms
Duration of multiframe 16 frames = 1 multiframe
(a) bits per time slot (b) time slots per frame (c) frames per multiframe15
Pemodulatan Digi
Line Hierarchy of CEPT telephone system

. E1 Line
For E1 Line = 30 voice
30 Voice .
2.048 Mbps channels is multiplexed for
channels . MUX
. transmission.
. 1
.
Data rate for E1 Line =
2.048 Mbps.
E2 Line 4 E1 Line were next
E1 MUX 8.448 Mbps multiplexed to become E2
E1 2 Line.
E1
Data rate = 8.448 Mbps.

E3 Line Next, 4 E2 Line were

E2 MUX 34.368 Mbps multiplexed becoming E3
E2 3 Line.
E2
Data rate = 34.368 Mbps.
Lastly, 4 E3 Line were
E4 Line
139.264 Mbps multiplexed becoming E4
E3 MUX
4 Line.
E3
E3 Data rate = 139.264 Mbps.
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Example 6.2 :
A PCM TDM communication system contains 30 voice channels and 2 control
channels. The information data rate is 64 kbps for each channel. The audio channel
represents information signal that is quantumed to 256 levels. Determine the bit
period, Tb and bit rate for each frame, fb. Next, calculate the maximum audio frequency
that can be transmitted.
Solution: Sampling frequency for an audio signal is the same as
the sampling frequency used by the commutator of
Given 1 frame = 32 time
this system. Given sampling period for 1 frame is 125
slot, and fb(channel) = 64 kbps
µ s. Therefore, the sampling frequency is 8 kHz.
Bit rate for 1 frame, fb(frame) =
32 x 64 kbps= 2.048 Mbps f N = 2 fm
Maximum audio frequency,
Bit period: fN
1 fm = An example of audio
Tb = 2 signal that has a
f b (frame ) 8kHz maximum frequency
1 fm = is the voice signal.
Tb = 2
2.048 Mbps
fm =4kHz
Tb = 0.488 µsecond
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Example 6.3 :
Design a TDM communication system that can accomodate 11 information
signals with the following characteristics:

Information 1 : Analog signal, bandwidth = 2 kHz

Information 2 : Analog signal, bandwidth = 4 kHz
Information 3 : Analog signal, bandwidth = 2 kHz
Information 4-11 : Digital signal, synchronized at a bit rate of 7200
bps

Solution :
The first step is to change the analog signals to 4 bit PCM. Nyquist rate is
4 kHz, 8kHz and 4 kHz for information signals 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
To satisfy the three Nyquist rates, the commutator is set at 16 kHz.
Therefore, information signal 2 will be sampled twice by this commutator.

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 Sample vm1

Sample vm2
4 bit A/D
Sample vm3
16 kHz

commutator

Ouput of 4 bit A/D is 64 kbps.

A second commutator is needed to sample the ouput of 4 bit A/D and the
digital signal (information signal 4 to 11).
This digital signal has a bit rate of 7.2 kbps.
The second commutator is chosen with sampling rate of 8 kHz.
Therefore, pulse stuffing is needed for each information signal 4 to 11 to
generate a bit rate of 8 kbps.

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Pemodulatan Digi
 Sample vm1

Sample vm2
4 bit A/D
Sample vm3 16 kHz
7.2 kbps 64 kbps
Commutator 1
8 kbps
Information 4 Pulse stuffing

Information 5 Pulse stuffing

Information 6 Pulse stuffing

Information 7 Pulse stuffing PCM TDM

signal
8 kHz
Information 8 Pulse stuffing

Information 9 Pulse stuffing

Commutator 2
Information 10 Pulse stuffing

Information 11 Pulse stuffing

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