RF Planning

GSM Frequency
Planning
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Frequency Planning
2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology
3. Tight Frequency Reuse
4. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology
5. Concentric Cell Technology
6. Frequency Hopping
Page2
Contents
1. Frequency Planning Basic
1.1 Frequency Resource of GSM System
1.2 Concept of Frequency Reuse
1.3 Reuse Density
1.4 C/I Ratio
Page3
Frequency Resource of GSM System
890
P-GSM 900 :
915
935
960
Duplex distance : 45 MHz
1710
1785
1805
DCS 1800 :
Duplex distance : 95 MHz
Page4
1880
Frequency Resource of GSM System

Frequency
Range
Spectrum
(MHz)
Uplink
ARFCN
Frequency Value
890~915
P-GSM900
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
1n 124
Downlink
Frequency Value
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
935~960
880~915
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
E-GSM900
R-GSM900
0 n 124
925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
975 n 1023
876~915
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
0 n 124
921~960
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
955 n 1023
Fu(n)=1710.2+0.2(n-512)
512 n 885
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+95
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512)
512 n 810
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1710~1785
DCS1800
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
1805~1880
1850~1910
PCS1900
1930~1990
Page5
Concept of Frequency Reuse
Macro-cell system
{fi,fj..fk}
d
Micro-cell system
{fi,fj..fk}
..
{fi,fj..fk}
..
Page6
{fi,fj..fk}
Example of Frequency Reuse
Frequency resource is limited. If there is 8MHz frequency

resource, 8 MHz = 40 channels 8 timeslots = 320
Max. 320 users can access the network at the same time.
If every frequency is reused N times
Max. 320N uses can access the network at the same time.
Page7
Reuse Density
The spectrum utilization ratio can be expressed by frequency reuse

density (freuse), which reveals the tightness of the frequency reuse and
can be expressed by the following equation
f reuse
N ARFCN
N TRX
NARFCN is the total number of the available channel numbers,
NTRX is the number of TRXs configured for the cell.
Page8
Question
(1) Frequency bandwidth is 12MHZ, if frequency reuse density
is 4x3,each cell has how many TRX?
(2) Frequency bandwidth is 6MHZ, if frequency reuse density
is 2x3,each cell has how many TRX?
Page9
Reuse Density
Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse cluster.
For the n x m frequency reuse pattern,
f reuse n m
n: The number of BTSs in the reuse clusters
m: The number of the cells under each BTS.

Tighter reuse
0
Looser reuse
12
20
Higher frequency reuse efficiency,
Little interference,
but interference is serious.
but frequency reuse efficiency is low.
More technique is needed.
Page10
43 Frequency Reuse
C1
A1
C1
A1
A2
A3
C2
C3
B1
A3
A3
D1
B2
B3
A1
A2
D3
C3
B1
B3
B2
D1
D2
D2
C1
D3
C1
A2
A3
D1
B2
B3
A1
C1 C2
A2
C3
B1
D2
C2
C2
C3
B1
A1
B3
A3
D1
B2
A2
A1
D3
A3
C3
B1
D2
D3
D1
B2
D3
C2
C3
B1
D1
B2
B3
D2
B3
C1
A2
C2
Page11
D3
D2
Requirement for C/I Ratio

C/I =
Useful signal
All useful signals

All useless signals
Carrier
Interference
Noise from environment
Other signals
Page12
Requirement for C/I Ratio

C/I in Actual Project
Interference
C/I
(3 dB margin is needed )
Co-channel
9dB
12dB
Adjacent-channel
- 9dB
- 6dB
Carrier offset reaches 400 KHz
- 41dB
Page13
Exercise
Cell D fre 3
Cell B fre 5
?dB<
?dB<
Cell A fre 5
?dB<
-70dB
Cell C fre 4
Page14
Contents
Page15
Example of 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse
Hereunder are several assumptions
The available bandwidth is 10MHz. The channel number is 45~94
BCCH 81~94 (14 channel numbers in total, 81~82 are reserved)
The other channel numbers are allocated to TCH
Frequency group
number
Channel Number
of Each
Frequency Group
A1
B1
C1
D1
A2
B2
C2
D2
A3
B3
C3
D3
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
So the maximum base station configuration is S4/4/4, and the

frequency reuse density is 12.5 (50/4 = 12.5)
Page16
4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Conclusion
The 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is a basic technology applied in frequency planning.

Which must be applied to the BCCH in frequency aggressive reuse technologies
If the network capacity needs to be further expanded, the following measures can be
taken:
Split a cell into smaller cells.

Utilize new frequency resources. For example, you can establish a DSC 1800MHz
network.
Under the current 900MHz network, use more tight frequency reuse technology to
expand the network capacity.
At present, the tight frequency reuse technology works as the most economical and
convenient way to expand the network capacity, so it is also the most popular with
carriers.
The typical frequency reuse technology includes 3 x 3, 2 x 6, 2 x 3, 1 x 3, and 1 x 1.
Page17
Contents
Page18
1 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern
1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is also called

fractional reuse.
For 1 x 3 or 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern,

the reuse distance is quite small, so the
interference in the network is quite great.
Therefore, to avoid frequency collision, you
must use RF hopping technology and set the
parameters, including MA (mobile allocation),
HSN (hopping sequence number), and
MAIO (mobile allocation index offset). The
ratio of number of the TRXs to that of the
available frequency hopping is FR LOAD
(generally, it is smaller than 50%).
A1
A1
A2
A3
A3
A1
A3
Page19
A2
A2
A1
A3
A2
If the available bandwidth is 10MHz ,the channel numbers are 45~94
For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 81~94, frequency reuse pattern is 43
For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 45~80, frequency reuse pattern is 13
Frequency group number
Channel number
MAIO
80, 77, 74, 71, 68, 65, 62, 59, 56, 53, 50, 47
0, 2, 4,6, 8, 10
79, 76, 73, 70, 67, 64, 61, 58, 55, 52,49, 46
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
78, 75, 72, 69, 66, 63, 60, 57, 54, 51, 48, 45
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Channel number
MAIO
80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73,72, 71, 70, 69
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
space
grouping
sequence
grouping
Because FR LOAD 1 to 2, if the bandwidth is 10MHz, the maximum base station

type can be configured as S7/7/7. In this case, the frequency reuse degree is 7.14
Page20
Example of 13 Frequency Reuse
Suppose 900 band: 96124
BTS configuration: S3/3/3
BCCH layer: 96109 reuse pattern: 43
TCH layer: 110124
reuse pattern: 13
Page21
TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme

Cell1
MA1 (110,112)
Cell1
MA1 (110,112)
Cell3
(120,122) MA2
Cell3
(120,122) MA2
Cell2
MA3 (115,117)
Cell2
MA3 (115,117)
Cell1
MA1 (110,112)
Cell2
MA3 (115,117)
Cell3
(120,122) MA2
MAIO
CELL1(MA1)
110
111 112
113
114
0,2
CELL2(MA2)
115
116 117
118
119
0,2
CELL3(MA3)
120
121 122
123
124
0,2
Page22
TCH Interval Allocation Scheme

Cell1
MA1 (110,113)
Cell3
(124,112) MA2
Cell2
MA3 (117,120)
Cell1
MA1 (110,113)
Cell3
(124,112) MA2
Cell2
MA3 (117,120)
Cell1
MA1 (110,113)
Cell3
(124,112) MA2
Cell2
MA3 (117,120)
MAIO
CELL1(MA1)
110 113
116 119 122
0,1
CELL2(MA2)
111 114
117 120 123
2,3
CELL3(MA3)
112 115
118 121 124
4,0
Page23
The Characteristics of the 1 x 3
The frequencies are more tightly reused, so the network capacity is great.
When planning a network, only need to plan BCCH, while its unnecessary to replan frequencies. So the efficiency for network planning is high.
Wideband combiner must be used, but the cavity combiner with frequency
selectivity is inapplicable.
Co-channel and neighbor channel interference increases as the frequency reuse

distance decreases.
RF hopping must be used, and the channel numbers participating frequency

hopping is twice that of the number of carriers at least.
In actual conditions, BCCH cannot take measures, such as RF hopping, DTX, and
power control, therefore, in order to ensure network quality, BCCH can only use
the looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.
Page24
One cell of one base station forms a frequency reuse cluster
If the available bandwidth is 6MHz ,the channel numbers are 96~124
For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 111~124, frequency reuse pattern is 43
For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 96~110, frequency reuse pattern is 11
Channel number
MAIO
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
0,2,4
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
6,8
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110
10,12
the maximum base station type can be configured as S4/3/3 under 1 x 1

frequency reuse pattern. In this case, the frequency reuse degree is
7.25/9.67/9.67, so the average value is 8.86.
Therefore, the maximum base station configuration under 1 x 1 frequency reuse

pattern is the same as that under 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping pattern,
so is the network capacity.
Page25
13 and 11
1BCCH+12TCH
BCCH14+TCH36
13
1BCCH+12TCH
1BCCH+12TCH
1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+TCH
1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+3TCH
43
11
1BCCH+36TCH
Page26
1BCCH+36TCH
Illustration of 13 or 11
TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7
TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7

TRX8 TRX9... TRX14
TRX8 TRX9... TRX14
TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
The red items are BCCH RCs
Page27
Contents
Page28
Conception of MRP Technology
According to multiple reuse pattern (MRP), the carriers are

divided into several groups.
The carries in each group work as an independent layer,

and each layer uses a different frequency reuse pattern.
During frequency planning, configure the carriers layer by

layer, with reuse density increases layer by layer, as shown
in the next slide.
Page29
Conception of MRP Technology
Page30
Example of MRP
Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied:

Supposing there are 300 cells
Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 43 reuse: reuse density=12
Network capacity = (40/12)300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer: re-use =12, (14 frq.)
Normal TCH layer: re-use =10, (20 frq.)
Aggressive TCH layer: re-use = 6, (6 frq.)
Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)300 = 1200 TRX
Page31
Example of MRP
Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied:

Supposing there are 300 cells
Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 43 reuse: reuse density=12
Network capacity = (40/12)300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer: reuse density=12, (14 frequency)
Normal TCH layer: reuse density=10, (20 frequency)
Aggressive TCH layer: reuse density= 6, (6 frequency)
Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)300 = 1200 TRX
Page32
Contents
Page33
Conception of Concentric Cell Technology
In the GSM network, concentric cell technology is used to divide the

service area into two parts: overlaid and underlaid.
Essentially, the concentric cell technology concerns channel allocation and

handover, but when combining this technology with various frequency
planning technologies, both expand network capacity can be improved
network quality.
Overlaid-cell
Underlaid-cell
Page34
Overlaid/Underlaid Frequency Configuration
Super fn
Super fn
Regular fm
Super fn
Regular fm
Regular fm
BCCH 15f
Regular 24f
Super 12f
BCCH TRX reuse density: 12

Regular TCH TRX reuse density: 12
Super
TCH TRX reuse density: 6
Page35
Conception of Concentric Cell Technology
Generally, 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is used for the underlaid. For

overlaid, the frequency reuse patterns, such as 3 x 3, 2 x 3, or 1 x 3, are
used. Therefore, all carriers can be divided into two groups, one for
underlaid, and the other one for overlaid.
Underlaid Overlaid
Page36
Contents
Page37
Contents
6.1 Classification of hopping
6.2 Advantages of hopping
6.3 Parameter of hopping
6.4 Collocation of hopping data
Page38
Frequency Hopping
Page39
Advantages of Hopping
Get an agreeable radio environment.
Provide a similar communication quality for every user.
Tighter reuse patterns are possible to be used for larger

capacity.
Page40
Frequency Diversity of Hopping
Smoothen the rapid fading (Rayleigh fading)
Page41
Interference Diversity of Hopping
Smoothen and average the interference

Page42
Classification of Hopping
According to implementation mode
Base-band hopping
RF hopping
According to the minimum hopping time unit
Timeslot hopping
Frame hopping
Page43
Base Band Hopping Principle
FH bus
Page44
BCCH carrier attends hopping, on which TS0 can not attend hopping
TS 0
TRX0
TS 1
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 5
TS 6
TS 7
ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
No Hopping
TRX1
10(TCH carrier)
TRX2
15(TCH carrier)
TRX3
20(TCH carrier)
MA={10,15,20}
MA={5,10,15,20}
Page45
BCCH carrier does not attends hopping
TRX0
TS 0
TS 1
TS 2
No Hopping
No Hopping
No Hopping
TS 3
No Hopping
TS 4
No Hopping
TS 5
No Hopping
TS 6
TS 7
No Hopping
No Hopping
ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
TRX1
10(TCH carrier)
TRX2
15(TCH carrier)
TRX3
20(TCH carrier)
MA={10,15,20}
Page46
RF Hopping Principle
Page47
RF Hopping Principle
BCCH carrier does not attends hopping
TRX0
TS 0
TS 1
TS 2
No Hopping
No Hopping
No Hopping
TS 3
No Hopping
TS 4
No Hopping
TS 5
No Hopping
TS 6
TS 7
No Hopping
No Hopping
(BCCH carrier)
TRX1
MA={10,15,20}
TRX2
MA={10,15,20}
TRX3
MA={10,15,20}
Page48
(TCH
carrier)
Classification of Hopping
Frame hopping
Frequency changes every TDMA frame.
The different channel of one TRX uses the same MAIO.
Timeslot hopping
Frequency changes every timeslot.
The different channel of one TRX uses the different MAIO.
Page49
Frame Hopping
RF hopping and baseband hopping without BCCH carrier
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
One TRX (none BCCH carrier) hopping on 5 frequencies

Page50
Timeslot Hopping
5 timeslots on 1 TRX hopping on 5 frequencies
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Page51
Frame 4
Hopping Parameters
All the parameters which are related to hopping are

configured in Cell Attributes/Frequency Hopping.
Hopping mode: the mode used by the BTS system
No hopping
Base band hopping
RF hopping
Page52
Hopping Parameters
HSNHopping Sequence Number063
HSN=0cycle hopping.
HSN0random hopping. Every sequence number

corresponds a pseudo random sequence.
Page53
Hopping Parameters
MA (Mobile Allocation Set):
MA is the set of available RF bands when hopping, containing at most 64
frequency carriers. The frequency being used must be those of the available
frequency
MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)
MAIO is used to define the initial frequency of the hopping.
Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels, otherwise

interference occurs.
MAI (Mobile Allocation Index)
At the air interface, the frequency used on a specific burst is an element in MA
set. MAI is used for indication, referring to a specific element in the MA set.
MAI is the function of TDMA FN, HSN and MAIO.
Page54
Example of MAIO
TS 0
TRX0
TS 1
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 5
TS 6
TS 7
ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
2
2
2
MA2={5,10,15,20}
1
MAIO
2 33
No Hopping
TRX1
TRX2 0
TRX3
1
MAIO
2
2
MA1={10,15,20}
2
MAIO
13
0
2
02 1
MAI
Page55
20(TCH carrier)
Example of MAIO
TS 0
TRX0
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 5
TS 6
TS 7
ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
No Hopping
TRX1
TRX2 0
TRX3
TRX4 1
TRX5
TRX6
TS 1
TRX7
0
MA1={10,15,20}
0
MA2={5,10,15,20}
1
3
3
3
3
MA3={510,515,520,525}
2
20(TCH carrier)
510(TCH carrier)
515(TCH carrier)
2
525(TCH carrier)
3
3
0
3
1
3
Page56
520(TCH carrier)
Example of MAIO
5 TRXs separately belongs to the same MA hopping on 5
frequencies, and uses same HSNs
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
5
10
15
20
25
MA={5,10,15,20,25}
Page57
Frame 4
Example of Hopping Parameters

8 timeslots of 1 TRX separately belongs to different MAs hopping
on 5 frequencies, and uses different HSNs.
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Page58
Frame 4
Example of Hopping Parameters

5 TRXs separately belongs to different MAs hopping on 5
frequencies, and uses different HSNs
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Page59
Frame 4
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GSM Frequency

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Resource of GSM System

Duplex distance : 45 MHz

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Resource of GSM System

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Concept of Frequency Reuse

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Example of Frequency Reuse

Frequency resource is limited. If there is 8MHz frequency

If every frequency is reused N times

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The spectrum utilization ratio can be expressed by frequency reuse

can be expressed by the following equation

NARFCN is the total number of the available channel numbers,

NTRX is the number of TRXs configured for the cell.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse cluster.

For the n x m frequency reuse pattern,

n: The number of BTSs in the reuse clusters

m: The number of the cells under each BTS.

Higher frequency reuse efficiency,

but interference is serious.

but frequency reuse efficiency is low.

More technique is needed.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Requirement for C/I Ratio

All useful signals

Noise from environment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Requirement for C/I Ratio

Carrier offset reaches 400 KHz

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Example of 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse

Hereunder are several assumptions

The available bandwidth is 10MHz. The channel number is 45~94

BCCH 81~94 (14 channel numbers in total, 81~82 are reserved)

The other channel numbers are allocated to TCH

So the maximum base station configuration is S4/4/4, and the

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Conclusion

The 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is a basic technology applied in frequency planning.

Split a cell into smaller cells.

The typical frequency reuse technology includes 3 x 3, 2 x 6, 2 x 3, 1 x 3, and 1 x 1.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

1 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern

1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is also called

For 1 x 3 or 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern,

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Example of 1 x 3 Frequency Reuse

If the available bandwidth is 10MHz ,the channel numbers are 45~94

For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 81~94, frequency reuse pattern is 43

For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 45~80, frequency reuse pattern is 13

Frequency group number

Frequency group number

Because FR LOAD 1 to 2, if the bandwidth is 10MHz, the maximum base station