- Cesare Pavese

is the PROCESS of
STORING INFORMATION
and EXPERIENCES for
possible retrieval at
some point in the
future.

 The ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN
MODEL OF MEMORY
states that there are
generally three types of
memory:

 Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

 temporary storage of
information

 Large;
contains most details of
sensory input

 Visual: 1/10 second;

Auditory: 2 seconds

 Storage failure

 iconic memory for

visual stimuli
echoic memory for
aural stimuli
haptic memory for
touch.

 also called as a working

memory is the storage
of information currently
being used

 7 units, plus or minus 2

 Less than 30 seconds

without rehearsal

 Storage failure

 acts as a scratch pad

for recall of the
information under
process

 Chunking of information
can lead to an
increase in the short
term memory capacity.

 That is the reason why a

hyphenated phone
number is easier to
remember than a single
long number.

 The successful
formation of a chunk is
known as closure.

 relatively permanent
storage of information

 virtually unlimited

 up to a lifetime

 Retrieval failure

 concerned when
information has to be
retained for an interval
as brief as a few
minutes or as long as a
lifetime

 conscious memory
which involves recall of
factual memory

 memory of specific
facts and principles
time related data of
past experiences in our
life

 involves indescribable
information that usually
includes skills

 spontaneous recall
you are required to
produce a response
from your own memory
without any outside
help

 requires you to
generate information
from your memory but
you will receive
significant cues or hint

about the material

which may help to jog
your memory

 In recognition test, you

choose the correct
item among several
options.

 relearning method
it detects weak
memories by
comparing the speed
of original relearning to
the speed of relearning.

 indirect memory
an experience
influences what you say
or do even though you
might not be aware of
the influence

 is the process where

new information is
formed or encoded.

 the information is simply

held in preparation for
future occasion.

 Once information is
searched, brought to
the mind and stored.

 Loss of memory
After damage to the
hippocampus, causes
great difficulty storing
new long - term
declarative memories,

especially episodic
memories, although
they form normal short
term procedural and
implicit memories

 In the absence of
healthy hippocampus
or after the information
in hippocampus
weakens,

one is left with the gist

of the event, stored in
the cerebral cortex.

 patients with damage

to the prefrontal cortex
give confident wrong
answers

 Most confabulation are

correct information
earlier in the persons
life.

Example:
An aged hospitalized
woman might insist that
she had to go home to
feed her baby.

 the scarcity of earlier

episodic memories

Modern explanation
argues that the
hippocampus known to
be important for
memory is slow to
mature,

so memories from the

first few years are not
stored well that
develops between the
ages 3 and 4.

Another possibility:
is that children come
on rely on language;
they lose access to
memories encoded
earlier.

 an infant amnesia
relates to encoding
specificity which means
memory performance
depends

directly on the similarity

between the
information in memory
and the information
available at retrieval.

 Maybe infants/children
forget their earlier years
just because they dont
have enough of the
right retrieval cues to
find those infant
memories.

 a condition that occurs

mostly after age 60 to
65

 Patient experience a
variety of memory
problems , confusion ,
depression , disordered
thinking and impaired
attention.

 Although implicit and

procedural memory are
more intact than
explicit, declarative
memory.

 It is marked by gradual
accumulation of
harmful proteins in the
brain and deterioration
of brain cells , leading
to a loss of arousal and
attention.

 Get an overview of
what you like to
understand and learn.

 Process meaningfully.

 Ask questions. Create

your own questions and
answers.

 Retest your knowledge.

 A mnemonic device
introduced in ancient
Roman rhetorical
treatises.

 It relies on memorized
spatial relationship to
establish, order and
recollect memorial
content.

 Using first letter of each

word to form another
word.
It is useful when
remembering words in
specified order.

Examples:
HBO - Home Box Office
NBA - National
Basketball Association

 IHOP - International
House of Pancakes

 uses rhyming words to

represent numbers or
order

1 = bun
2 = shoe
3 = tree
4 = door
5 = hive

6 = sticks
7 = heaven
8 = gate
9 = vine
10 = hen

 The main idea is that

each successive item in
the list is linked to the
preceding item

 six red apples

large loaf of bread
carton of milk
bar of foamy soap
pair of yellow socks
packet of chocolate
biscuits