Tyrone Williams Period 9

1. Industrializing Powers
Established Transoceanic
Empires

A) States with existing

colonies strengthened their
control over those colonies

British in India
During the first half of the 18th century, the British
started getting involved in local and regional disputes
within populated areas of India through the East India
Trade Company. By giving off the impression of
making the economy better, the British were able to
strengthen their control over India without resistance.
They also recruited Sepoys, Indian troops made to
fight for the British.

Dutch in Indonesia ( Java )

The Dutch use very similar tactics to the
British to strengthen control over their
colony.
They get involved in local political
rivalries and with each victory they win
territory. They also enlist troops.

B) European states, as well as

the Americans and the
Japanese, established empires
throughout Asia and the Pacific,
while Spanish and Portuguese
influence declined.

http://pmcruz.com/visualexperiments/visualizing-empires

Due to Imperialism
The European influence increased due
to a greater presence of European
colonies in the world.
The spread of westernization reached
as far as China and Japan, countries
that still clung to traditional lifestyles.

The British Empire

Individual Colonies:
Australia
Hong Kong
Burma
Ireland
Jamaica
India
New Zealand
South Africa
Malta
Gibraltar

During the 18th century, the British were

able to expand their empire by winning
wars against the French, having a
superior navy, and oppressing other
countries.
- French and Indian War ( North America )
- The Caribbean and India

C) Many European states

used both warfare and
diplomacy to establish
empires in Africa

The Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference in 1884 was called to

divide African colonies among various European
powers.
Under the motto Creating a better Africa , the
Europeans believed that they should help advance
Africa and that they were the White mans
burden.
Although it was meant for mutual benefit, many off
these countries took advantage of the native
Africans and used them for cheap labor such as

Belgium

Belgium, headed by king Leopard II, made and

organization named the African International
Association (AIA )
Their target country to benefit was to be the
Congo, in central Africa.
This association was first established to be a
multi-national, scientific, and humanitarian
assembly, but knowing that no one was watching
him he quickly turn the Congo people into slaves,
who extracted rubber and were beaten for not
reaching their daily requirements.

He initially starts by trying to negotiate with

the slave-traders in the Congo which was
necessary in order to consolidate power.
After diplomacy doesnt work, Leopold tries
to start an anti-slavery movement to win
support which he eventually does.
Once in power, Leopold would turn to
violence to get the Congo people to meet
their production quotas.

Genocide = 20-30 million dead by the time

everything was done

Australia

Established as a British Penal Colony in

1788
By 1840, Australia has over 140,000
European inhabitants.
Sheep-raising industry key for British wool
industry.
Gold is discovered later.
1861 = 1 million people
Settlers would imitate western culture and
would be allowed to self-govern.

D) In other parts of the

world. Industrialized states
practiced economic
imperialism

Opium Wars

The British and French expanding their influence in China

through the Opium Wars.
By Chinese law, opium was only to be use medicinally.
British merchants challenged that by smuggling opium into
china through Canton.
As the price of opium dropped in China, so did the standard
of living. Lin Ze-xu, Emperor Dao guang's special anti-opium
commissioner, wouldnt stand for it.
Lin Ze-xu, took swift action against the foreign merchants
and their Chinese accomplices, making some 1,600 arrests
and confiscating 11,000 pounds of opium. He then closed
the port of canton to all foreign merchants.

British superintendent of trade, Charles Elliot in turn ordered

a blockade of the Pearl River.
In November, 1839 the Royal Navy sank a number of
Chinese vessels near Canton. By January 1841, the British
had captured the Bogue forts at the Pearl's mouth and
controlled the high ground above the port of Canton.
Treaty of Nanking (29 August 1842 )
China ceded the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain,
opened five "Treaty" ports (Canton, Amoy, Foochow,
Shanghai, and Ningbo) to Western trade and residence,
granted Great Britain most-favoured nation status for trade
paid nine million dollars in reparations to the merchants
whose 20,000 chests of opium Lin Ze-xu had destroyed.

2. Imperialism influenced
state formation and
contraction around the
world

The Meiji Restoration

Japan

Emperor Meiji

The Meiji Revolt - 1868

A powerful group of samurai overthrow the

Shogun.
Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero of the revolt.
He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a
unified modern state.

The last Shogun

Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The Meiji Restoration (1868)

Brief civil war between imperial and
Tokugawa forces
1868 Emperor Mutusuhito (Meiji, 18521912) takes power
Goals of prosperity and strength: rich
country, strong army
Resolved to learn western technology

Meiji Reforms

Travelers Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) and

Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) travel to U.S.,
Europe
Argue for adoption of western legal
proceedings, technology
Meiji government removes privileges for
daimyo, samurai
Conscript army replaces samurai mercenaries
Samurai rebellion crushed by national army
Tax reform: payment in cash, not kind

The Reforms Included:

Abolition of the feudal system
Land Redistribution
Westernize the School System (Fr. &
Ger.)
Modernize the Army (Prussian)
Build a Modern Navy (British)
Emperor Worship Intensified
Human Rights & Religious Freedom
Written Constitution (Germans)

B) The U.S. and Russia

emulated European
transoceanic imperialism by
expanding their land
borders and conquering
neighboring territories

http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/1045
75

U.S. Imperialism

President James Monroe warns Europeans

not to engage in imperialism in western
hemisphere (1823)
The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S.
Protectorate
1867 purchased Alaska from Russia
1875 established protectorate over Hawaii
Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade
US to acquire islands in 1898

The Panama Canal

President Theodore Roosevelt (in office
1901-1909) supports insurrection
against Colombia (1903)
Rebels win, establish state of Panama
U.S. gains territory to build canal,
Panama Canal Zone
Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine
U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs
of other nations if U.S. investments
threatened

C) Anti-Imperial resistance
led to the contraction of the
ottoman empire

Ottoman Empire
Resistance of colonies led to the
formation of independent states
Ex. Balkans, Greece, Egypt

Contraction of Ottoman Empire

In the 1800s,the Ottoman Empire went
from being a great power in the world to
one of the weakest territories
Could no longer keep up with Western
Europe
Unable to prevent region after region
from falling under European control

How countries broke away

European aggression
Invasions from Russia, Britain, France, and
Austria
Ex: One of the earliest invasions in 1798,
Napoleons invasion of Egypt
Nationalism and independence movements by
different groups within the Ottoman Empire
Independence gained by: Greece, Serbia,
Bulgaria, and Romania, all who were driven by
nationalism

Sources

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/images/porter_new_b
ritish_empire_1815_map.gif
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/index.html
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/MUNBC/index.htm
http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/Key+Concept+5.2
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/east_india_01.shtml

http://pmcruz.com/visual-experiments/visualizing-empires

http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/brit-occ.htm
http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/zulu-kingdom-and-colony-natal