CDMA

WIRELESS DATA
TRANSMITTER

By
Tezendra Dahal
ECE/11/17

ROAD MAP
NEED FOR WIRED DATA TRANSMITTER
LIMITATION OF WIRED DATA TRANSMITTER
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS DATA TRANSMITTER

CDMA TECHNIQUE
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE
SIGNAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES
MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION

NEED FOR WIRED DATA TRANSMITTER3

For the past decade the state of technology for
machine health monitoring has been continuously
improving.
Majority of monitoring systems employed at the
factory floor still require maintenance engineers to
manually collect data and analyze them off-line.
Most of these systems require wired connections
for data acquisition and transmission.

LIMITATION OF WIRED DATA TRANSMITTER 4

Low accessibility
Complex hardware
Space consuming
Power consuming

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS DATA TRANSMITTER5

To overcome the restrictions of wired data connection
wireless data transmission for embedded sensing and
machine condition monitoring has been developed.
Most of these systems operate on batteries and
transmit data over a short distance to a data logging
station nearby.
A challenging issue in wireless data transmission is to
design for low power, less circuitry complexity, and high
reliability.

CDMA TECHNIQUE
CDMA stands for CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS.
Developed by US company QUALCOMM.
Digital technology for delivering mobile telephone
services.
Uses spread-spectrum techniques.
CDMA doesnt design a specific frequency to each
user neither it is time-shared.

SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE

SIGNAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES:

Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)

The ASK technique modulates the data by assigning each symbol a different
amplitude level, e.g.: two levels for binary data.

Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)

This technique employs different frequencies for different
symbols transmitted.

PHASE SHIFT KEYING(PSK)

Here, the carrier wave by itself represent a symbol, whereas all other
symbols are defined by phase shift from the phase of carrier.

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MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS :

In order to accommodate multiple transmitters with one data
receiver and achieve design flexibility and extensibility
a multiple data access scheme needs to be implemented.
Three design options were considered:

Frequency

division multiple access[FDMA]

In FDMA, each transmitter has a frequency exclusively

assigned to it.
This enables transmitter to send data at any time
regardless of other transmitters.
The frequency ranges can be transmitted simultaneously
and should be non-overlapping.
Contd

Time Division Multiple Access [TDMA]

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A single

carrier frequency can be used by several

transmitters, if it is ensured that at no time more
than one transmitter sends data simultaneously.
Accordingly, each transmitter is assigned a time
slot for signal transmission.
The time slots need to be synchronized between
all the transmitters in the system.
This requires that for each transmitter, a separate
receiver is implemented, and the receiver must be
ON at all times, increasing the power consumption
of the circuitry.
contd

Code Division Multiple Access [CDMA]

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CDMA is based on coding theory and uses sequences of numbers

called chips.
Here the bandwidth is shared through code, the stations use different
codes to achieve multiple access.
To generate chip sequences we use Walsh tables
it uses two basic rules

w [ +1]
1=

w2N=

WN
WN

WN
WN

Bit 0

Bit 0

-1
[+1 +1 +1 +1]

-1

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[+1 -1 +1 -1]

[-1 -1 -1 -1] [-1 +1 -1 +1]

[-1 -1 -3 +1]
DATA

[0 0 0 0]
[+1 +1 -1 -1]

[+1 -1 -1 +1]
4

+1

0
silent
Data bit 0

[+1 -1 -1 +1]

Bit 1
- 1 Data bit 1

+1

Silence

Data Transmitter based on CDMA technique

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ADVANTAGES
Power tuning

Voice quality
User density

Cost at a suitable level i.e., less cost

Wireless increases utility and accessibility

Software implementation allows further

modification
Increased mobility and scalability: more portable,
half the size of credit card.

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DISADVANTAGES
WCDMA

has higher data speed than

CDMA
It reported initial difficulty in market
introduction.
Reducing clock frequency and
transmission speed for reduced power
consumption will lead to a prolonged
transmission time.

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FUTURE SCOPE
Can be used in mobile
communication with a speed up to
2mbps for voice, video data and
image transmission with WCDMA.

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APPLICATIONS
Machine health monitoring to machine
components
Design of a wide range of electronic instruments
such as data loggers, data acquisition cards, handheld metering devices
Systems that are difficult to access or not
suitable for wired sensor data acquisition.
A rice sized chip called Verichip embedded in
body ,made of biocompatible materials, stores
entire medical history of implantee.

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Conclusion
CDMA transmitter demonstrates the
feasibility of employing a sophisticated
transmission scheme in an embedded
sensor for machine health monitoring.
Focusing on constraints and power
efficiency during the design phase.

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References:
www.google.com
www.TECHONLINE.com
www.wikipedia.com

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Thank you