Biomedical Engineering

MODULE 1

Resting and action potentials

The resting potential is the result of an unequal
distribution of ions across the membrane.
The resting potential is sensitive to ions in
proportion to their ability to permeate the
membrane.

Resting potentials

Resting membrane potential

is independent of external
Na+ concentration

Resting potentials

Resting membrane potential

strongly depends upon the
external K+ concentration

Membrane is polarized
more negative particles in than out
Bioelectric Potential
like a battery
Potential for ion movement

Biopotentials
ECG
electrocardiogrphy

EEG
electroencephalography

EMG
electromyography

ERG
electroretinograpy

EOG
electrooculography
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Frequencies of Biopotentials

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Recording System EEG

EEG recording is done

using a standard lead
system called 10-20
system
Recall dipole concept
to identify source of
brain activity

Electromyogram (EMG)
Measures muscle activity
Recordintramuscularly through needle
electrodes
Record surface EMG using electrodes on
biceps,triceps
Use in muscular disorders,muscle based
prosthesis prosthetic arm, leg

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Electroretinogram Electroretinogram (ERG)

Biopotential of the eye (retina)
Indicator of retinal diseases such as retinal
degenration, macular degernation
Invasive recording

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Questions

What is Electroretinogram Electroretinogram ?

What is EEG?
Draw a graph of Resting membrane potential ?
What are the Frequencies of Biopotentials?
Explain EMG

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Eectrodes
KINDS OF ELECTRODES

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Eectrodes

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Eectrodes

Figure A disposable surface electrode. A typical surface electrode used for ECG
recording is made of Ag/AgCl. The electrodes are attached to the patients skin
and can be easily removed.
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Transducer Systems

Sensors
Actuators

Power
Supply

Interface
Circuits

Control
and
Processing
Circuits

I/O Channel
/USER

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Classification of Transducers

Transducers

On The Basis of
principle Used

Active/Passive

Primary/Secondary

Analogue/Digital

Transducers/
Inverse Transducers

Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive

Transducers may be classified

according to their application, method of
energy conversion, nature of the output
signal, and so on.
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Heart and circulatory systems

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Fibrillation
The irregular, unsynchronized contraction of
the muscle fibers.
In the heart ventricular fibrillation is a
condition which can lead to asystole.
It is usually preceded by ventricular
tachycardia (fast heart rhythm).

Fibrillation

Normal ECG

VT

VT/VF

VF

Defibrillation
Common treatment to ventricular fibrillation
Consists of driving an electric shock to the
cardiac cells.
When the cardiac cells are depolarized, the
heart can attempt to restore the normal heart
rhythm.

Defibrillators
Device to transfer the electrical energy to the
heart.

Defibrillators
Monophasic

Biphasic

Blood Pressure and Flow

Measurements

Contents
Blood Pressure

Non-Invasive

Palpatory Method
(Riva-Rocci Method)

Auscultatory Method

Ultrasonic Method
Oscillometric Method

Invasive

Tonometry

Extravascular
Sensor
Intravascular Sensor
General on
System Parameters

Blood Flow
Ultrasound Doppler
Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Strain Gage Plethysmography

Electric-Impedance Plethysmogr.
Photoelectric Plethysmography
Thermal Convection Probes

Dye Dilution Method

Thermal Dilution Method
Radioisotopes

Blood Pressure (1)

One of the oldest physiological measurements
Observation of blood pressure allows dynamic tracking of pathology and
physiology affecting to the cardiovascular system, which has profound effects
to all other organs of the body
Originates from the heart
Commonly refers to arterial blood pressure
Value depends on 3 factors:
cardiac output

diameter of arteries
the quantity of blood
Values should be lower than 120 / 80 mmHg
(systolic pressure (SP) / diastolic pressure (DP))

peripheral
resistance

Blood Pressure (2)

High value increases the risk of heart attack and strokes
Low value increases the risk of lower oxygen perfusion e.g. in brains

However, the normal values differ from person to another

Pulse pressure (PP) = SP-DP

Mean pressure (MP)

average pressure during one cardiac cycle
driving force of the peripheral perfusion.
an estimate can be done by using an empirical formula:
MP = DP+PP/3
SP and DP may vary significantly throughout the arterial system but
MP is quite uniform (in normal situations)

PACEMAKERS

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