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NETWORS
ETHERNET
Frame Format
Preamble
The preamble contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s
and 1s that alert the receiving system to the coming frame
and enable it to synchronize its input timing.
Start Frame delimiter SFD
The SFD tells the receiver that everything that follows is data,
starting with the addresses.
Destination Addresses DA
The DA field contains the physical destination address (six
bytes) of the packets next destination. If the packet must
across from one LAN to another to reach its destination,
the DA field contains the physical address of the router
connecting the current LAN to the next one.
Source Address
The SA field contains the physical address ( six bytes) of the
last device to forward the packet. That device can be the
sending station or the most recent router to receive and
forward the packet.
Length/type of Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
This field contains two bytes indicating the number of bytes
in the PDU. If the length of the PDU is fixed, this field can
be used to indicate type, or as a base for other protocols.
Protocol Data Unit PDU
The PDU is generated by the upper LLC sublayer, then linked
to the 802.3 frame. The PDU can be anywhere from 46 to
1500 bytes long, depending on the type of frame and the
length of the information field.
CRC
The last field in the 802.3 frame contains the error detection
information, in this case CRC-32.
Implementation
Ethernet LANs are configured as logical buses, although
they may be physically implemented in bus or star
topologies.
Each frame is transmitted to every station on the link but
read only by the station to which it is addressed.
10BASE2:Thin Ethernet
Like 10Base5, 10Base2 is a bus topology LAN. The
advantages of thin Ethernet are reduced cost and ease of
installation.
The disadvantages are shorter range (185 meters)
The NICs in a thin Ethernet system provide all the same
functionality as those in a thick Ethernet, plus the functions
of the transceivers.
The cable required to implement the 10Base2 standard is
RG-58. These cables are relatively easy to install and
move.
Switched Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet operates to 100 Mbps.
Star topology
100Base-TX
The 100Base-TX design uses two category 5 unshielded
twisted-pair (UTP) or two shielded twisted-pair (STP)
cables to connect a station to the hub.
One pair is used to carry frames from the station to the hub
and the other to carry frames from the hub to the station.
The distance between the station and the hub should be
less than 100 meters.
Fast Ethernet
100Base-FX
The 100Base-FX design uses two optical fibers, one to
carry frames from the station to the hub and the other from
the hub to the station.
The distance between the station and the hub should be
less than 2000 meters.
100Base-T4
It requires four pairs of category 3 (voice grade) UTP.
Fast Ethernet
100Base-T4
Two of the four pairs are bidirectional; the
other two are unidirectional. The 100
Mbps flow of data is divided into three
33.66-Mbps flows.
Gigabit Ethernet
Token Bus
Local area networks have a direct application in factory
automation and process control. In this case the nodes are
computers controlling manufacturing process.
Ethernet (IEEE802.3) is not a suitable protocol for these
purposes because the number of collisions is not
predictable and the delay in sending data from a control
center (a computer in the network) to other devices or
computers along the assembly line is not a fixed value.
Token Bus
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) combines features of Ethernet (a
bus topology) and Token ring.
Token bus is a physical bus that operates as a logical ring
using tokens.
Stations are logically organized into a ring. A token is
passed among the stations. If a station wants to send data,
it must wait and capture the token.
Token Bus is limited to factory automation and process
control and has no commercial applications in data
communication.
Figure 12-15
Token Passing
Figure 12-15-continued
Token Passing
Figure 12-15-continued
Token Passing
Figure 12-15-continued
Token Passing
52
Monitor stations
Several problems may occur to disrupt the operation of a
token ring network.
1. A station may neglect to retransmit a token
2. A token may be destroyed by noise
3. A sending station may not release the token once its turn
has ended
4. A sending station may neglect to remove its used data
frame from the ring
In the cases 1,2,3 there is no token on the ring and no station
may send data.
To handle these situations, one station on the ring is
designated as monitor station.
The monitor sets a timer each the token passes. If the token
does not reappear in the allotted time, it is presumed to be
lost and the monitor generates a new token and introduces
it into the ring.
The monitor guards against perpetually recirculating data
frames by setting a bit (status bit) in the AC (access
control) field of each frame.
If the status bit has been set, it knows that the packet has
already been around the ring and should be discarded. The
monitor destroys the frame and puts a token into the ring.
Addressing
Token ring uses a six-byte address, which is imprinted on the
NIC card.
Data Rate
Token ring supports data rates of up to 16 Mbps.
Frame formats
The token ring protocol specifies three types of frames:
1. Data/command Frames
2. Token Frames
3. Abort Frames
The last byte of the frame is the Frame status field (FS).
It can be set by the receiver to indicate that the frame has
been read, or by the monitor to indicate that the frame has
already been around the ring.
Token frame
This frame includes only three fields: the SD, AC, and ED.
The SD indicates that a frame is coming. The AC indicates
that the frame is a token and includes the priority and
reservation fields.
Abort frame
An abort frame carries no information at all, just starting and
ending delimiters. It can be generated either by the sender
to stop its own transmission or by the monitor to purge an
old transmission from the line.