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Lease or buy
Equipment replacement
Cost reduction
The capital
budgeting
techniques that best
recognize the time
value of money are
those that involve
discounted cash
flows.
Learning Objective 1
Positive . . .
Zero . . .
Negative . . .
Working
capital
Initial
investment
Incremental
operating
costs
Release of
working
capital
Reduction
of costs
Incremental
revenues
Discounted
Item
Initial investment (outflow)
Annual cash inflows
Net present value
Periods
1
2
3
4
5
Present
Value of
Amount of
10%
Cash
Year(s) Cash Flow Factor
Flows
Now
(3,170)
1.000
(3,170)
1-4
$
1,000
3.170 $
3,170
$ -0-
Present Value of $1
10%
12%
0.909
0.893
1.736
1.690
2.487
2.402
3.170
3.037
3.791
3.605
14%
0.877
1.647
2.322
2.914
3.433
Present value
of an annuity
of $1 table
(2)
(3)
Investment
Outstanding
Return on
during the
Cash
Investment
Year
year
Inflow
(1) 10%
1
$
3,170 $
1,000 $
317
2
2,487
1,000
249
3
1,736
1,000
173
4
909
1,000
91
Total investment recovered
(4)
(5)
Recover of Unrecovered
Investment Investment at
during the the end of the
year
year
(2) - (3)
(1) - (4)
$
683 $
2,487
751
1,736
827
909
909
0
$
3,170
This implies that the cash inflows are sufficient to recover the $3,170
initial investment (therefore depreciation is unnecessary) and to
provide exactly a 10% return on the investment.
$ 750,000
(400,000)
(270,000)
$ 80,000
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Years
Now
Now
Cash
Flows
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
10%
Factor
1.000
1.000
Present
Value
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Annual net cash inflows
Years
Now
Now
1-5
Cash
Flows
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
80,000
10%
Factor
1.000
1.000
3.791
Present
Value
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
303,280
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Annual net cash inflows
Relining of equipment
Years
Now
Now
1-5
3
Cash
Flows
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
80,000
(30,000)
Present value of $1
factor for 3 years at 10%.
10%
Factor
1.000
1.000
3.791
0.751
Present
Value
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
303,280
(22,530)
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Annual net cash inflows
Relining of equipment
Salvage value of equip.
Years
Now
Now
1-5
3
5
Cash
Flows
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
80,000
(30,000)
5,000
10%
Factor
1.000
1.000
3.791
0.751
0.621
Present value of $1
factor for 5 years at 10%.
Present
Value
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
303,280
(22,530)
3,105
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Annual net cash inflows
Relining of equipment
Salvage value of equip.
Working capital released
Net present value
Years
Now
Now
1-5
3
5
5
Cash
Flows
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
80,000
(30,000)
5,000
100,000
10%
Factor
1.000
1.000
3.791
0.751
0.621
0.621
Present
Value
$ (160,000)
(100,000)
303,280
(22,530)
3,105
62,100
$ 85,955
Quick Check
Denny Associates has been offered a four-year contract to
supply the computing requirements for a local bank.
Cash flow information
Cost of computer equipment
$ 250,000
Working capital required
20,000
Upgrading of equipment in 2 years
90,000
Salvage value of equipment in 4 years
10,000
Annual net cash inflow
120,000
Quick Check
What is the net present value of the contract with
the local bank?
a. $150,000
b. $ 28,230
c. $ 92,340
d. $132,916
Quick Check
What is the net present value of the contract with
the local bank?
a. $150,000
b. $ 28,230
c. $ 92,340
d. $132,916
Investment in equipment
Working capital needed
Annual net cash inflows
Upgrading of equipment
Salvage value of equip.
Working capital released
Net present value
Years
Now
Now
1-4
2
4
4
Cash
Flows
$ (250,000)
(20,000)
120,000
(90,000)
10,000
20,000
14%
Factor
1.000
1.000
2.914
0.769
0.592
0.592
Present
Value
$ (250,000)
(20,000)
349,680
(69,210)
5,920
11,840
$
28,230
Learning Objective 2
Acceptable.
Rejected.
Investment required
Annual net cash flows
10%
0.909
1.736
. . .
5.759
6.145
12%
0.893
1.690
. . .
5.328
5.650
14%
0.877
1.647
. . .
4.946
5.216
Quick Check
The expected annual net cash inflow from a project
is $22,000 over the next 5 years. The required
investment now in the project is $79,310. What is
the internal rate of return on the project?
a. 10%
b. 12%
c. 14%
d. Cannot be determined
Quick Check
The expected annual net cash inflow from a project
is $22,000 over the next 5 years. The required
investment now in the project is $79,310. What is
the internal rate of return on the project?
a. 10%
b. 12%
$79,310/$22,000 = 3.605,
c. 14%
which is the present value factor
d. Cannot be determined
Old Car
Wash
$ 70,000
25,000
$ 45,000
$ 300,000
Productive life
Salvage value
10 years
$
7,000
Replace brushes
at the end of 6 years $ 50,000
Salvage of old equip. $ 40,000
Present Value
$
(300,000)
(28,200)
368,700
40,000
2,702
$
83,202
$175,000
80,000
Present Value
$
(175,000)
(45,120)
276,525
$
56,405
$ 83,202
56,405
$ 26,797
Incremental investment
Incremental cost of brushes
Increased net cash inflows
Salvage of old equipment
Salvage of new equipment
Net present value
Year
Now
6
1-10
Now
10
Cash
Flows
$(125,000)
$ 30,000
15,000
40,000
7,000
10%
Factor
1.000
0.564
6.145
1.000
0.386
Present
Value
$(125,000)
16,920
92,175
40,000
2,702
$ 26,797
Quick Check
Consider the following alternative projects. Each project would
last for five years.
Project A
Project B
Initial investment
$80,000
$60,000
Annual net cash inflows
20,000
16,000
Salvage value
10,000
8,000
The company uses a discount rate of 14% to evaluate
projects. Which of the following statements is true?
a. NPV of Project A > NPV of Project B by $5,230
b. NPV of Project B > NPV of Project A by $5,230
c. NPV of Project A > NPV of Project B by $2,000
d. NPV of Project B > NPV of Project A by $2,000
Cash
14%
Present
Differences in cash flows
Years
Flows
Factor
Value
Investment in equipment
Now
$ (20,000)
1.000
$ (20,000)
Annual net cash inflows
1-5
4,000
3.433
13,732
Salvage
value of
5
2,000
0.519
1,038
Consider
theequip.
following alternative
projects.
Each
project would
Difference in net present value
$
(5,230)
Quick Check
last for five years.
Project A
Project B
Initial investment
$80,000
$60,000
Annual net cash inflows
20,000
16,000
Salvage value
10,000
8,000
The company uses a discount rate of 14% to evaluate
projects. Which of the following statements is true?
a. NPV of Project A > NPV of Project B by $5,230
b. NPV of Project B > NPV of Project A by $5,230
c. NPV of Project A > NPV of Project B by $2,000
d. NPV of Project B > NPV of Project A by $2,000
$ 4,500
10,000
250
9,000
New Truck
Purchase price
$ 21,000
Annual operating costs
6,000
Salvage value in 5 years
3,000
10%
Factor
1.000
3.791
0.621
Present
Value
$ (21,000)
(22,746)
9,000
1,863
(32,883)
Present
Value
$ (4,500)
(37,910)
155
(42,255)
Quick Check
Bay Architects is considering a drafting machine
that would cost $100,000, last four years,
provide annual cash savings of $10,000, and
considerable intangible benefits each year. How
large (in cash terms) would the intangible
benefits have to be per year to justify investing
in the machine if the discount rate is 14%?
a. $15,000
b. $90,000
c. $24,317
d. $60,000
Cash
14%
Present
Years
Flows
Factor
Value
Investment in machine
Now
$ (100,000)
1.000
$ (100,000)
Annual
net Architects
cash inflows is considering
1-4
10,000
2.914 machine
29,140
Bay
a drafting
Annual intangible benefits
1-4
?
2.914
?
that would
Net present
value cost $100,000, , last four years, $ (70,860)
Quick Check
Learning Objective 3
Evaluate an investment
project that has uncertain
cash flows.
$1,040,000
= $
0.104
10,000,000
Real Options
Delay the start of
a project
Expand a project
if conditions are
favorable
Cut losses if
conditions are
unfavorable
The ability to consider these real options adds value to many
investments. The value of these options can be quantified
using what is called real options analysis, which is beyond
the scope of the book.
Learning Objective 4
Preference Decisions
Pertain to whether or
not some proposed
investment is
acceptable; these
decisions come first.
Attempt to rank
acceptable
alternatives from the
most to least
appealing.
$
$
1,000
10,000
0.10
Project B
$
$
1,000
5,000
0.20
Other Approaches to
Capital Budgeting Decisions
Other methods of making capital budgeting
decisions include . . .
1. The Payback Method.
2. Simple Rate of Return.
Learning Objective 5
Investment required
Annual net cash inflow
Investment required
Annual net cash inflow
Payback period =
$140,000
$35,000
Payback period =
4.0 years
Quick Check
Consider the following two investments:
Project X
$100,000
$60,000
$40,000
$0
Project Y
$100,000
$60,000
$35,000
$25,000
Initial investment
Year 1 cash inflow
Year 2 cash inflow
Year 14-10 cash inflows
Which project has the shortest payback period?
a. Project X
b. Project Y
c. Cannot be determined
Quick Check
Consider the following two investments:
Project X
$100,000
$60,000
$40,000
$0
Project Y
$100,000
$60,000
$35,000
$25,000
Initial investment
Year 1 cash inflow
Year 2 cash inflow
Year 14-10 cash inflows
Which project has the shortest payback period?
a. Project X
b. Project Y
Project X has a payback period of 2 years.
c. Cannot
determined
Project
Y has a be
payback
period of slightly more than 2 years.
Which project do you think is better?
Ignores cash
flows after
the payback
period.
Identifies
investments that
recoup cash
investments
quickly.
Identifies
products that
recoup initial
investment
quickly.
$0
$2,000 $1,000
$500
$1,000
$0
$2,000 $1,000
$500
Learning Objective 6
*Should be reduced by any salvage from the sale of the old equipment
Simple rate
of return
$35,000
$140,000
= 25%
Learning Objective 7
(Appendix 14A)
Fn = P(1 +
n
r)
n
r)
Fn = P(1 +
1
F1 = $100(1 + .08)
F1 = $108.00
Fn = P(1 +
n
r)
F2 = $100(1 +
F2 = $116.64
2
.08)
Future
Value
Fn
P=
(1 + r)n
F = the balance at the end of the period n.
P = the amount invested now.
r = the rate of interest per period.
n = the number of periods.
$100
P=
2
(1 + .12)
P = $79.72
This process is called discounting. We have
discounted the $100 to its present value of
$79.72. The interest rate used to find the
present value is called the discount rate.
Year 1
$ 79.72
9.57
$ 89.29
Year 2
$ 89.29
10.71
$ 100.00
10%
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
Rate
12%
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
14%
0.877
0.769
0.675
0.592
0.519
Quick Check
How much would you have to put in the bank
today to have $100 at the end of five years if the
interest rate is 10%?
a. $62.10
b. $56.70
c. $90.90
d. $51.90
Quick Check
How much would you have to put in the bank
today to have $100 at the end of five years if the
interest rate is 10%?
a. $62.10
$100 0.621 = $62.10
b. $56.70
c. $90.90
d. $51.90
$100
$100
$100
$100
$100
Value of an Annuity
10%
12%
0.909
0.893
1.736
1.690
2.487
2.402
3.170
3.037
3.791
3.605
of $1
14%
0.877
1.647
2.322
2.914
3.433
Quick Check
If the interest rate is 14%, how much would you
have to put in the bank today so as to be able to
withdraw $100 at the end of each of the next five
years?
a. $34.33
b. $500.00
c. $343.30
d. $360.50
Quick Check
If the interest rate is 14%, how much would you
have to put in the bank today so as to be able to
withdraw $100 at the end of each of the next five
years?
a. $34.33
b. $500.00
c. $343.30
$100 3.433 = $343.30
d. $360.50
Learning Objective 8
(Appendix 14C)
Include income taxes in a
capital budgeting analysis.
Simplifying Assumptions
Taxable income
equals net income as
computed for
financial reports.
The tax rate is a
flat percentage of
taxable income.
=
=
$
$
300,000
75,000
250,000
170,000
40,000
100,000
12%
30%
Should
Holland
open a mine
on the
property?
$
$
250,000
170,000
80,000
Year
Now
Now
1-10
6
1-10
10
10
Amount
$ (300,000)
$ (75,000)
$ 80,000
$ (40,000)
$ 30,000
$ 100,000
$ 75,000
Year
Now
Now
1-10
6
1-10
10
10
Holland Company
(2)
(3)
Tax
Effect
Amount (1) (2)
$ (300,000)
0
$ (75,000)
0
$ 80,000 1-.30
$ (40,000) 1-.30
$ 30,000
.30
$ 100,000 1-.30
$ 75,000
0
(4)
After-Tax Cash
Flows
$
(300,000)
$
(75,000)
$
56,000
$
(28,000)
$
9,000
$
70,000
$
75,000
Year
Now
Now
1-10
6
1-10
10
10
Holland Company
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Tax
Effect
After-Tax Cash
Amount (1) (2)
Flows
12% Factor Present Value
$ (300,000)
0
$
(300,000)
1.000 $
(300,000)
$ (75,000)
0
$
(75,000)
1.000
(75,000)
$
80,000
1-.30 $
56,000
5.650
316,400
$ (40,000) 1-.30 $
(28,000)
0.507
(14,196)
$
30,000
.30
$
9,000
5.650
50,850
$ 100,000 1-.30 $
70,000
0.322
22,540
$
75,000
0
$
75,000
0.322
24,150
$
24,744
End of Chapter 14