Periodic Trends 6.

Slide
1 of 31

6.3

Periodic Trends

Sodium chloride (table salt)

produced the geometric
pattern in the photograph.
Such a pattern can be used
to calculate the position of
nuclei in a solid. You will
learn how properties such
as atomic size are related to
the location of elements in
the periodic table.
Slide
2 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Atomic Size

Trends in Atomic Size

What are the trends among the elements
for atomic size?

Slide
3 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Atomic Size

The atomic radius is one half of the distance

between the nuclei of two atoms of the same
element when the atoms are joined.

Slide
4 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Atomic Size

Group and Periodic Trends in Atomic Size

In general, atomic size increases from
top to bottom within a group and
decreases from left to right across a
period.

Slide
5 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Atomic Size

Slide
6 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Atomic Size

Slide
7 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Ions

Ions
How do ions form?

Slide
8 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Ions

Positive and negative ions form when

electrons are transferred between atoms.

Slide
9 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Ions

Positive and negative ions form when

electrons are transferred between atoms.

Slide
10 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Ions

Some compounds are composed of particles

called ions.

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has

a positive or negative charge.

A cation is an ion with a positive charge.

An anion is an ion with a negative charge.

Slide
11 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

Trends in Ionization Energy

What are the trends among the elements
for first ionization energy, ionic size, and
electronegativity?

Slide
12 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from

an atom is called ionization energy.

The energy required to remove the first

electron from an atom is called the first
ionization energy.

The energy required to remove an electron

from an ion with a 1+ charge is called the
second ionization energy.
Slide
13 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

Group and Periodic Trends in Ionization

Energy

First ionization energy tends to

decrease from top to bottom within a
group and increase from left to right
across a period.

Slide
14 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

Slide
15 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

Slide
16 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionization Energy

Slide
17 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionic Size

Trends in Ionic Size

During reactions between metals and
nonmetals, metal atoms tend to lose electrons,
and nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons. The
transfer has a predictable effect on the size of
the ions that form.

Slide
18 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionic Size

Cations are always smaller than the

atoms from which they form. Anions are
always larger than the atoms from
which they form.

Slide
19 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionic Size

Relative Sizes of Some Atoms and Ions

Slide
20 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Ionic Size

Size generally increases

Trends in Ionic Size

Slide
21 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Electronegativity

Trends in Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom of an
element to attract electrons when the atom is in a
compound.
In general, electronegativity values
decrease from top to bottom within a
group. For representative elements, the
values tend to increase from left to
right across a period.
Slide
22 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Electronegativity

Representative Elements in Groups 1A through 7A

Slide
23 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Trends in Electron Affinity

Trends in Electron Affinity

Electron affinity is defined as the change in
energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the
gaseous phase) when an electron is added to
the atom to form a negative ion. In other words,
the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an
electron.
In general, electron affinity values
decrease from top to bottom within a group
and increase from left to right across a
period.
Slide
24 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Summary of Trends

Summary of Trends
What is the underlying cause of periodic
trends?

Slide
25 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Summary of Trends

The trends that exist among these

properties can be explained by
variations in atomic structure.

Slide
26 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3

Periodic Trends

>

Summary of Trends

Increases

Increases

Nuclear Charge

The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge

experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide
27 of 31

6.3

Periodic Trends

Summary of Trends

Constant

Increases

Shielding

>

Shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the

effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to
a difference in the attraction forces of the electrons on
the nucleus.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide
28 of 31

6.3 Section Quiz

1. Which of the following sequences is correct

for atomic size?

a. Mg > Al > S
b. Li > Na > K

c. F > N > B
d. F > Cl > Br

Slide
29 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3 Section Quiz

2. Metals tend to
a. gain electrons to form cations.
b. gain electrons to form anions.
c. lose electrons to form anions.
d. lose electrons to form cations.

Slide
30 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6.3 Section Quiz

3. Which of the following is the most

electronegative?

a. Cl
b. Se

c. Na
d. I

Slide
31 of 31
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall