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Communication Systems
Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Terminal and Repeater Siting
18.3 Path Calculations
18.4 Fixed Microwave Links
18.5 Local Microwave Distribution systems
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the basic structure and uses of microwave radio
links,
Explain the methods used in choosing site for repeaters,
Calculate the signal strength at the receiver for a variety of
transmitter, antenna, and terrain configurations
Calculate the required clearance of a microwave path from an
obstacle,
Calculate the noise temperature and carrier-to-noise level of a
microwave system,
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the basic structure and uses of microwave radio
links,
Explain the methods used in choosing site for repeaters,
Calculate the signal strength at the receiver for a variety of
transmitter, antenna, and terrain configurations
Calculate the required clearance of a microwave path from an
obstacle,
Calculate the noise temperature and carrier-to-noise level of a
microwave system,
Objectives
Calculate the energy per bit per noise density ratio for a
microwave system,
Explain fading and describe the diversity schemes that are
used to overcome it,
Describe the transmitting and receiving equipment used for
FM, SSB, and digital systems,
Describe the types of repeaters used for analog and digital
systems and perform frequency calculations for these
systems,
Describe the place of microwave systems for terrestrial
broadcasting.
Objectives
Calculate the energy per bit per noise density ratio for a
microwave system,
Explain fading and describe the diversity schemes that are
used to overcome it,
Describe the transmitting and receiving equipment used for
FM, SSB, and digital systems,
Describe the types of repeaters used for analog and digital
systems and perform frequency calculations for these
systems,
Describe the place of microwave systems for terrestrial
broadcasting.
Electronics Rewind
Microwaves in
Long-Distance
Telephony
Microwaves in
Long-Distance
Telephony
Microwaves in
Long-Distance
Telephony
By 1951 a
transcontinental
system was in place
using 107 repeaters to
cover the distance
from New York to San
Francisco.
Microwaves in
Long-Distance
Telephony
By 1951 a
transcontinental
system was in place
using 107 repeaters to
cover the distance
from New York to San
Francisco.
18. 1 Introduction
Point-to-point microwave radio links have many
uses. They can be used as studio-to-transmitter
(STL) links for radio and television broadcasting
stations, and they can also link the head-ends
(antenna sites) of many cable television
installations to their distribution systems. Another
very common application of microwave links is as
part of a communications network involving
telephone, data, or television signals.
18. 1 Introduction
Point-to-point microwave radio links have many
uses. They can be used as studio-to-transmitter
(STL) links for radio and television broadcasting
stations, and they can also link the head-ends
(antenna sites) of many cable television
installations to their distribution systems. Another
very common application of microwave links is as
part of a communications network involving
telephone, data, or television signals.
18. 1 Introduction
Fiber-optic systems are being installed in preference
to microwave radio for some fixed point-to-point
services. The bandwidth available with fiber-optic
systems is greater than with radio, and they require
less maintenance. On the other hand, microwave
relays are needed only at intervals of approximately
40 km, so microwave systems are easier to install in
difficult terrain, such as in mountainous or wilderness
areas. There is no doubt that terrestrial microwave
systems will continue to be part of the evolving
communications grid.
18. 1 Introduction
Fiber-optic systems are being installed in preference
to microwave radio for some fixed point-to-point
services. The bandwidth available with fiber-optic
systems is greater than with radio, and they require
less maintenance. On the other hand, microwave
relays are needed only at intervals of approximately
40 km, so microwave systems are easier to install in
difficult terrain, such as in mountainous or wilderness
areas. There is no doubt that terrestrial microwave
systems will continue to be part of the evolving
communications grid.
18. 1 Introduction
Some microwave systems use only one
link or hop, while others are multihop
systems that use repeaters to extend the
system beyond the line-of-sight range of a
single link. Figure 18.1 shows the two
types of systems.
18. 1 Introduction
Some microwave systems use only one
link or hop, while others are multihop
systems that use repeaters to extend the
system beyond the line-of-sight range of a
single link. Figure 18.1 shows the two
types of systems.
Transmitter
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
(a) Single link
Repeater
Transmitter
Antenna
Antenna
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
(b) System with repeater
Transmitter
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
(a) Single link
Repeater
Transmitter
Antenna
Antenna
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
(b) System with repeater
18. 1 Introduction
Microwave systems can also be classified by the modulation
technique used. Older systems are analog; most employ
frequency modulation, though some use single-sideband AM.
Many of the newer systems use digital modulation schemes,
generally quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). All of
these techniques have been discussed in previous chapters.
The analog and digital systems are similar in many aspects,
since the radio propagation part of the system is the same for
both. The modulation and demodulation techniques and the
design of repeaters are the main difference between the two
types.
18. 1 Introduction
Microwave systems can also be classified by the modulation
technique used. Older systems are analog; most employ
frequency modulation, though some use single-sideband AM.
Many of the newer systems use digital modulation schemes,
generally quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). All of
these techniques have been discussed in previous chapters.
The analog and digital systems are similar in many aspects,
since the radio propagation part of the system is the same for
both. The modulation and demodulation techniques and the
design of repeaters are the main difference between the two
types.
18. 1 Introduction
This chapter will first review microwave
propagation and then discuss the components
used in microwave links, both analog and digital.
Because these systems are used in commercial
applications were reliability is of utmost
importance, we will also consider the means of
ensuring the greatest possible reliability. Practical
systems often have reliability in the range of
99.99%, that is the system may be down for
about one hour per year, or even less.
18. 1 Introduction
This chapter will first review microwave
propagation and then discuss the components
used in microwave links, both analog and digital.
Because these systems are used in commercial
applications were reliability is of utmost
importance, we will also consider the means of
ensuring the greatest possible reliability. Practical
systems often have reliability in the range of
99.99%, that is the system may be down for
about one hour per year, or even less.
18. 1 Introduction
Recently there has been considerable
interest in the use of terrestrial microwave
links for broadcasting. Most of these systems
are used as substitutes for television
distribution using coaxial cable, but two-way
systems that allow interactive television and
Internet access have also been introduced.
This chapter concludes with a look at some
of these systems.
18. 1 Introduction
Recently there has been considerable
interest in the use of terrestrial microwave
links for broadcasting. Most of these systems
are used as substitutes for television
distribution using coaxial cable, but two-way
systems that allow interactive television and
Internet access have also been introduced.
This chapter concludes with a look at some
of these systems.
Path Calculations
To be continued by the next reporter