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this simplifies the calculation for any body consisting of concentric layers [seismology true for the Earth]
each layer can be shrunk to a central point mass, and thus the Earth behaves as if all its mass ME was
concentrated at the center
To avoid dependence on the surface mass, mS, as well as on the Earth; we use the acceleration, g,
[falling rate; all masses fall with the same acceleration if they are dropped in a vacuum, which eliminates the air resistance]
Rock Densities
Earths Mass
Rock Densities
Earths Mass
ME 5.97 x 1021 Mg
or
5.97 x 1024 kg
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Gravity Units
Calculate
gravity
effect
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Gravity Units
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13
buried sphere
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Magnitude of g
At equator
At poles
(g)
(g)
= 978.0318 cm/sec2
= 983.152 cm/sec2
1 cm/sec2 = 1 Gal
= latitude of station
only the N-S distance matters, and as g increases towards the poles, the correction
is ADDED to all measurements on the equator side of the base station, and SUBTRACTED
from all measurements on the polar side of the base station, in order to cancel this decrease
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(2) Bouguer correction: g is increased if measured at C (plateau/hill/mountain) above datum (A) because
of the additional pull of the additional thickness, h, of rock below
= density in Mg/m3
h = slab thickness (m)
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= density in Mg/m3
h = slab thickness (m)
positive above datum
Free-air correction: is ADDED, to correct for the reduction of g at greater heights in the air
Bouguer correction: is SUBTRACTED, to correct for the additional pull of the intervening slab
(3) Terrain correction: not an infinite slab (as Bouguer correction assumes) but terrain (topographic/
morphological) differences (D) that reduce g by sideways and partly upwards pulls (H)
or by removing downwards pulls (V)
BOUGUER ANOMALY
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7. Terrain/Topographic
Correction
Always positive
Requires detailed info on elevation around station, not just at station
Size of terrain correction depends on relief and its proximity to station
Terrain Correction
6. Tidal Correction
As water in ocean/sea responds to the
gravitational pull of both moon & sun, the same
way, the solid earth behaves. Earth tides change
the value of (g) which can be estimated by
repeated measurements at the same station
over a period of time ( a minimum of 12 hrs) as
in the case of drift.
Range: 03 g.u (Refer to published table)
Tidal Effect
Tidal Correction
Importance of Density
Density of Rocks
Average of density (gm/cc) in various rocks:
Wet
Dry
(a) Sedimentary
1.54-2.30
1.98-2.70
2.24
3.17
(c) Metamorphic
2.60
3.37
Air
Water
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Sediments
Sandstone
Shale
Limestone
Granite
Basalts
Metamorphic Rocks
~0
1.7-2.3
2.0-2.6
2.0-2.7
2.5-2.8
2.5-2.8
2.7-3.1
2.6-3.0
Density Determination
Nettletons Method:
A reasonably satisfactory estimate of density of near
surface may be estimated by this method which
needs a representative gravity profile.
The gravity data are reduced to produce Bouger
gravity profile assuming various values of density
for corrections.
Among the resultant Bouger gravity profiles, the
smoothest one which reflects the topography least
corresponds to the approximately correct density.
Nettletons Method
Methods of Separation
There are several methods by which the
separation of regional & residual can be isolated
which are either:
(a) Graphical
(b) Polynomial fitting
(c) Moving average
(d) Derivatives
(e) Upward continuation
(f) Wavelength filtering
Graphical Method
Graphical Method
Graphical Method
Upward Continuation
Calculation of the field at an elevation higher
than that at which the field is known/measured.
It is used to smooth out near surface effects.
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irregular body
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= 1 - 1 = 0
= 2 1
= 2 1
= 3 1
= 2 3
= 2 3
= 3 3 = 0
= 4 3
= 4 5
= 4 3
= 4 5
= 5 5 = 0
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[from Chapter 2]
Data Reduction:
converting the readings (measurements)
into a more relevant/useful form
Geophysical Anomaly:
the measured value in relation to the
normal (background field) value
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only the E-W motion matters; the correction is POSITIVE, for motion from east to west
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GRAVITY anomaly is: (1) measured at or near the surface, and (2) represents a physical and
not a direct geological quantity, thus we need two further steps:
from Chapter-2
Modelling
Modelling is:
(1) Constructing a 2D or 3D physical Earth model
with dimensions and material properties
(2) Calculate the GRAVITY anomaly
produced by the model
(3) Compare the observations with the model
(4) Iterative (trial-and-error) improve the model
Causative body:
irregular shape
gradational boundaries
gradational phys. properties
but simplification is not always a drawback, as it may emphasise the essential features
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Depth rules
half-width:
half the width at
half the peak height
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Gravity Surveying
Satellite Radar Altimetry
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Gravity Surveying
Land surveys
Airborne surveys
Marine surveys
(together with seismic reflection data collection)
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Drift:
(1) instrumental: due to slow creep of the spring
(2) periodical: due to tidal distortion of solid Earth
base station
base station
drift curve
base station
base station
instrument drift
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Gravitational Force
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Such calculations can be complicated if forces are not parallel, but some shapes are easy to evaluate:
spherical shell (thin, hollow sphere) => attraction is exactly the same, as if all its mass was concentrated
or shrunk to its center [true for bodies outside the shell # at its center ca. zero due
to symmetry and counteracting pulling forces]
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Newtons Laws