Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
25 NOVEMBER 2013
A3
2012/2013
Nasal cavity
Vestibule lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Hairs and sebaceous glands are
also present
Transition from vestibule to respiratory region (respiratory epithelium) stratified squamous ==
pseudostratified columnar == ciliated. Goblet cells also present in this epithelium.
Conchae bony projection increase surface area of the nasal cavity and create turbulence in the
stream of passing air facilitates conditioning of the air.
Lamina propria supplements the secretion of goblet cells. Veins in the lamina propria form thinwalled cavernous bodies.
Olfactory region tissue on the superior conchae and nasal septum. Cilia in the epithelium of
olfactory region arise from olfactory cells no dynein arms deny motility.
Cell membrane covering the surface of the cilia respond to odorants. The axons of the olfactory cells
collect into bundles in the lamina propria. Supporting cells also present.
Basal cells == olfactory cells or supporting cells
Pharnyx
Respiratory epithelium (nasopharynx or epipharynx)
Stratified squamous epithelium (oropharynx or meso- and hypo-phraynx)
Lymphocytes usually accumulate beneath the epithelium of the pharynx tonsils
Larynx
Vocal folds lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Contains the muscle (striated, skeletal) and ligaments needed to control the vocal folds.
Trachea
Lined by respiratory epithelium.
Physical or chemical irritation increase goblet cell number. Prolonged intense
irritation transformation to stratified squamous epithelium.
Also contains brush cells, endocrine cells, surfactant-producing cells, serous
cells.
Mucosa epithelium and lamina propria
Submucosa elastic membrane (lamina propria) borders mucosa and
connective tissue belows it. Submucosa glands supplement the secretion of
the cells in the epithelium.
Tracheal cartilage dorsal ends : trachealis muscle and connective tissue
fibres.
Annular ligaments connect individual cartilages.
Bronchi
Similar to those of the trachea and the main bronchi
Surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle, located between the cartilage and
epithelium
Bronchioles
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Glands and cartilage are absent
Smooth muscle layer relatively thicker
Alveoli
Wall formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating neighbouring alveoli
epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Between the connective tissue, we find dense, anastomosing network of
pulmonary capilaries.
Alveolar pores connect neighbouring alveoli to each other.
o Alveolar type I cells extremely flattened
o Alveolar type II cells irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped. Contain
cytosomes consisting of precursors to pulmonary surfactant.
Alveolar macrophages remove particular matters inspired into the alveoli
COUGHING
FISIOLOGI BATUK
Pada dasarnya mekanisme batuk dapat dibagi
menjadi empat fase yaitu :
I.
II.
III.
IV.
FASE IRITASI
FASE INSPIRASI
FASE KOMPRESI
FASE EKSPIRASI
Cough reflex
The bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light touch that very slight
amounts of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate the cough
reflex. The larynx and carina (the point where the trachea divides into the
bronchi) are especially sensitive, and the terminal bronchioles and even the
alveoli are sensitive to corrosive chemical stimuli such as sulfur dioxide gas or
chlorine gas. Afferent nerve impulses pass from the respiratory passages
mainly through the vagus nerves to the medulla of the brain. There, an
automatic sequence of events is triggered by the neuronal circuits of the
medulla, causing the following effect.
o First, up to 2.5 liters of air are rapidly inspired.
o Second, the epiglottis closes, and the vocal cords shut tightly to entrap the air
within the lungs.
o Third, the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, pushing against the
diaphragm while other expiratory muscles, such as the internal intercostals,
also contract forcefully. Consequently, the pressure in the lungs rises rapidly to
as much as 100 mm Hg or more.
o Fourth, the vocal cords and the epiglottis suddenly open widely, so that air
under this high pressure in the lungs explodes outward.
DD BATUK
IMMUNIZATION
Motor Development
hand-eye coordination is well developed
has good balance
can execute simple gymnastic movements, such as somersaults
PERTUSSIS
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Non-vaccination in children
Contact with an infected person
Epidemic exposure
Pregnancy
PERTUSSIS
DIAGNOSIS
PERTUSSIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
PERTUSSIS
TREATMENT
Supportive care
Erythromycin or azithromycin
PERTUSSIS
PREVENTION
CEREBRAL PALSY
PATHOGENESIS
CEREBRAL PALSY
APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS
TB MENINGITIS
COMPLICATIONS
TB MENINGITIS
PREVENTION