IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

8.0

09.12.2014

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SECOND MOMENT OR MOMENT OF INERTIA

OF AN AREA
8.1

Introduction

8.2

Moment of Inertia of an Area

8.3

Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration

8.4

Polar Moment of Inertia

8.5

Radius of Gyration

8.6

Parallel Axis Theorem

8.7

Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas

8.8

Product of Inertia

8.9

Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.1. Introduction
Forces which are proportional to the area or volume over which they act
but also vary linearly with distance from a given axis.
- the magnitude of the resultant depends on the first moment of the
force distribution with respect to the axis.
- The point of application of the resultant depends on the second
moment of the distribution with respect to the axis.
Herein methods for computing the moments and products of inertia for
areas and masses will be presented

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.2. Moment of Inertia of an

Area

Consider distributed forces F whose magnitudes are

proportional to the elemental areas A on which they
act and also vary linearly with the distance of A
from a given axis.
Example: Consider a beam subjected to pure bending.
Internal forces vary linearly with distance from the
neutral axis which passes through the section centroid.

F kyA
R k y dA 0
M k y 2 dA

y dA Qx first moment
2
y dA second moment

Example: Consider the net hydrostatic force on a

submerged circular gate.
F pA yA
R y dA
M x y 2 dA
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.3.Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration

Second moments or moments of inertia of
an area with respect to the x and y axes,
I x y 2 dA

I y x 2 dA

Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by

choosing dA to be a thin strip parallel to
one of the coordinate axes.

For a rectangular area,

h

I x y dA y 2bdy 13 bh3
2

The formula for rectangular areas may also

be applied to strips parallel to the axes,

dI x 13 y 3dx
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

dI y x 2 dA x 2 y dx
4

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.4. Polar Moment of Inertia

The polar moment of inertia is an important
parameter in problems involving torsion of
cylindrical shafts and rotations of slabs.
J 0 r 2 dA

The polar moment of inertia is related to the

rectangular moments of inertia,

J 0 r 2 dA x 2 y 2 dA x 2 dA y 2 dA
I y Ix

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.5. Radius of Gyration of an Area

Consider area A with moment of inertia
Ix. Imagine that the area is
concentrated in a thin strip parallel to
the x axis with equivalent Ix.
I
I x k x2 A
kx x
A
kx = radius of gyration with respect
to the x axis
Similarly,

Iy

k y2 A

ky

J O kO2 A kO

Iy
A
JO
A

k O2 k x2 k y2
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Examples
SOLUTION:
A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dI x y 2dA
dA l dy
For similar triangles,

Determine the moment of

inertia of a triangle with respect
to its base.

l h y

b
h

l b

h y
h

dA b

h y
dy
h

Integrating dIx from y = 0 to y = h,

h y
bh 2
I x y dA y b
dy hy y 3 dy
h
h0
0
2

b y3 y 4
h
h 3
4
0
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

bh3
I x
12
7

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:

An annular differential area element is chosen,

dA 2 u du

dJ O u 2 dA
r

J O dJ O u 2 u du 2 u 3du
2

JO
a) Determine the centroidal polar
moment of inertia of a circular
area by direct integration.

r4

From symmetry, Ix = Iy,

JO I x I y 2I x

b) Using the result of part a,

determine the moment of inertia
of a circular area with respect to a
diameter.
09.12.2014

r 4 2I x

I diameter I x r 4
4
Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.6. Parallel Axis Theorem

Consider moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA
I y 2 dA

The axis BB passes through the area centroid

and is called a centroidal axis.
I y 2 dA y d 2 dA
y 2 dA 2d y dA d 2 dA
I I Ad 2

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

parallel axis theorem

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Moment of inertia IT of a circular area with

respect to a tangent to the circle,

I T I Ad 2 14 r 4 r 2 r 2
54 r 4

Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a

centroidal axis,
I AA I BB Ad 2
I BB I AA Ad

1 bh3
12

2
1
1
2 bh 3 h

1 bh3
36

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

10

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.7. Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas

The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

11

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Example
225 mm

20 mm

358 mm

SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of
composite section with respect to a
coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.

Apply the parallel axis theorem to

determine moments of inertia of beam
section and plate with respect to
172 mm
composite section centroidal axis.
The strength of a W360x57 rolled steel
beam is increased by attaching a
Calculate the radius of gyration from the
225x20 mm plate to its upper flange.
moment of inertia of the composite
section.
Determine the moment of inertia and
radius of gyration with respect to an
axis which is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid of the
section.
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

12

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

225 mm

20 mm

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of composite section
with respect to a coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.

358 mm

172 mm

189 mm

A 225 mm 20 mm 4500 mm 2
1
1
y 358 mm 20 mm 189 mm
2
2
2 2
mm
Section
A, in
Plate
6.75
4500
7230
Beam Section 11.20

17.95
A 11730

Y A yA
09.12.2014

y , in.
mm
7189
.425
0

3 3
yA, inmm
50
.12 x 103
850.5
0

50.12 x 103
yA 850.5

yA 850.5 10

A 11730

Dr. Engin Akta

72.51 mm.
13

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

225 mm

20 mm

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Apply the parallel axis theorem to determine moments of

inertia of beam section and plate with respect to composite
section centroidal axis.

I x,beam section I x AY 2 160.2 106 723072.51

358 mm

198.2 104
I x,plate I x Ad 2 121 22520 4500189 72.51
3

61.2 106 mm4

172 mm

I x I x,beamsection I x,plate 192.6 106 61.2 106

I x 254 10 6 mm 4
189 mm

Calculate the radius of gyration from the moment of inertia

of the composite section.

k x
09.12.2014

I x 253.8 10 6 mm 4

A
11730 mm 2
Dr. Engin Akta

k x 147 .1 mm.
14

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
The moment of inertia of the shaded area is
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

15

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the bounding
rectangle and half-circle with respect to the x axis.

Rectangle:
I x 13 bh3 13 240 120 138.2 106 mm 4

Half-circle:
moment of inertia with respect to AA,
I AA 18 r 4 18 90 4 25.76 106 mm 4
moment of inertia with respect to x,
4r 4 90
a

38.2 mm
3
3
b 120 - a 81.8 mm
A 12 r 12 90
2

12.72 103 mm 2
09.12.2014

I x I AA Aa 2 25.76 106 12.72 103

7.20 106 mm 4

moment of inertia with respect to x,

I x I x Ab 2 7.20 106 12.72 103 81.82

92.3 106 mm 4
Dr. Engin Akta

16

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

The moment of inertia of the shaded area is obtained by

subtracting the moment of inertia of the half-circle from
the moment of inertia of the rectangle.

Ix

138.2 106 mm 4

92.3 106 mm 4

I x 45.9 106 mm4

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

17

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.8. Product of Inertia

Product of Inertia:

I xy xy dA

When the x axis, the y axis, or both are an

axis of symmetry, the product of inertia is
zero.

Parallel axis theorem for products of inertia:

I xy I xy xyA

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

18

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

8.9. Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia

Given I x y 2 dA I y x 2 dA
I xy xy dA

we wish to determine moments

and product of inertia with
respect to new axes x and y.
Note: x x cos y sin
y y cos x sin
09.12.2014

The change of axes yields

Ix Iy Ix I y
I x

cos 2 I xy sin 2
2
2
Ix I y Ix I y
I y

cos 2 I xy sin 2
2
2
Ix Iy
I xy
sin 2 I xy cos 2
2
The equations for Ix and Ixy are the
parametric equations for a circle,

I x I ave 2 I x2y R 2
I ave

Ix I y
2

Ix I y 2
I xy
R
2

The equations for Iy and Ixy lead to the

same circle.
Dr. Engin Akta

19

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

At the points A and B, Ixy = 0 and Ix is

a maximum and minimum, respectively.
I max, min I ave R

tan 2 m

2 I xy
Ix I y

The equation for Qm defines two

angles, 90o apart which correspond to
the principal axes of the area about O.

I x I ave 2 I x2y R 2
I ave

09.12.2014

Ix I y
2

Ix I y 2
I xy
R
2

Imax and Imin are the principal moments

of inertia of the area about O.

Dr. Engin Akta

20

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
Determine the product of inertia using
direct integration with the parallel axis
theorem on vertical differential area strips
Apply the parallel axis theorem to
evaluate the product of inertia with respect
to the centroidal axes.

Determine the product of inertia of

the right triangle (a) with respect
to the x and y axes and
(b) with respect to centroidal axes
parallel to the x and y axes.
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

21

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
Determine the product of inertia using direct integration
with the parallel axis theorem on vertical differential
area strips
x
x
y h1 dA y dx h1 dx
b
b
x
xel x
yel 12 y 12 h1
b
Integrating dIx from x = 0 to x = b,
b

I xy dI xy xel yel dA x
0
b

1
2

x
h 1 dx
b

x 2 x3 x 4
x
2 x x
h

dx h 2
2 b 2b 2
0

4 3b 8b 0
2

1 b2h2
I xy 24

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

22

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Apply the parallel axis theorem to evaluate the

product of inertia with respect to the centroidal axes.

x 13 b

y 13 h

With the results from part a,

I xy I xy x yA

13 h12 bh

1 b2h2 1 b
I xy 24
3

1 b2h2
I xy 72

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

23

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
Compute the product of inertia with
respect to the xy axes by dividing the
section into three rectangles and applying
the parallel axis theorem to each.
Determine the orientation of the
principal axes (Eq. 9.25) and the
principal moments of inertia (Eq. 9. 27).
For the section shown, the moments of
inertia with respect to the x and y axes
are Ix = 10.38 in4 and Iy = 6.97 in4.
Determine (a) the orientation of the
principal axes of the section about O,
and (b) the values of the principal
moments of inertia about O.
09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

24

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
76 mm

Compute the product of inertia with respect to the xy axes

by dividing the section into three rectangles.

13 mm

Apply the parallel axis theorem to each rectangle,

102 mm
13 mm

76 mm

31.5 mm

44.5 mm

I xy I xy x yA

Note that the product of inertia with respect to centroidal

axes parallel to the xy axes is zero for each rectangle.
Rectangle Area, mm2 x , mm. y , mm.
I
988 31.5 44.5
II
988
0
0
III
988 31.5 44.5

44.5 mm

x yA, mm 4
1384929
0
1384929
xyA 2769858

I xy xyA 2770000mm4

31.5 mm

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

25

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Architecture

AR231 Fall12/13

tan 2 m

Determine the orientation of the principal axes by

m = 127.5o

the principal moments of

inertia by

2 I xy
Ix I y

I max, min I ave R

I x I ave 2 I x2y R 2
m =

I ave

37.5o

I m ax,m in

Ix Iy
2

Ix I y 2
I xy
R
2

2 m 74.9 and 254.9

m 37 .5 and m 127 .5

Ix Iy
I xy2

2
2

4.42 106 2.93 106

4.42 10 2.93 10
2.77 106

2
2

2 2.77 106
tan 2 m

3.72
6
6
Ix Iy
4.42 10 2.93 10

I y 2.93 106 mm4

I xy 2.77 10 mm

2 I xy

I x 4.42 106 mm4

6

Ix I y

I a I max 6.54 mm4

I b I min 8.07 mm4

09.12.2014

Dr. Engin Akta

26