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Chapter 5
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Cost Behavior:
Analysis and Use
Chapter Five
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In Total
Per Unit
Variable
Fixed
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Machine
hours
A measure of what
causes the
incurrence of a
variable cost
Miles
driven
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Labor
hours
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Minutes Talked
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In Total
Per Unit
Variable
Fixed
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Per Minute
Telephone Charge
Minutes Talked
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A manufacturing company
will often have many
variable costs.
A service company
will normally have a high
proportion of variable costs.
A merchandising company
usually will have a high
proportion of variable costs
like cost of sales.
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Cost
Volume
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Step-Variable Costs
Cost
Volume
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Step-Variable Costs
Cost
Volume
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Step-Variable Costs
Cost
Volume
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Total Cost
A straight line
Economists
closely
Curvilinear Cost approximates a
Function
curvilinear
Relevant
Range
variable cost
line within the
relevant range.
Accountants Straight-Line
Approximation (constant
unit variable cost)
Activity
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In Total
Per Unit
Variable
Fixed
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Monthly Basic
Telephone Bill
In Total
Per Unit
Variable
Fixed
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Committed
Discretionary
Long-term, cannot be
significantly reduced
in the short term.
Examples
Examples
Depreciation on
Equipment and
Real Estate Taxes
Advertising and
Research and
Development
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Knowledge workers
tend to be salaried,
highly-trained and
difficult to replace. The
cost to compensate
these valued employees
is relatively fixed
rather than variable.
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Rent Cost in
Thousands of Dollars
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90
Relevant
60
Range
30
1,000
2,000
3,000
Rented Area (Square Feet)
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Step-variable costs
can be adjusted
more quickly and . . .
Quick Check
Which of the following statements about cost
behavior are true?
1. Fixed costs per unit vary with the level of
activity.
2. Variable costs per unit are constant within the
relevant range.
3. Total fixed costs are constant within the
relevant range.
4. Total variable costs are constant within the
relevant range.
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Quick Check
Which of the following statements about cost
behavior are true?
1. Fixed costs per unit vary with the level of
activity.
2. Variable costs per unit are constant within the
relevant range.
3. Total fixed costs are constant within the
relevant range.
4. Total variable costs are constant within the
relevant range.
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Mixed Costs
A mixed cost has both fixed and variable
components. Consider the example of utility cost.
Total Utility Cost
Variable
Cost per KW
Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge
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Mixed Costs
The total mixed cost line can be expressed
as an equation: Y = a + bX
Where:
Variable
Cost per KW
Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge
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Y = a + bX
Y = $40 + ($0.03 2,000)
Y = $100
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Maintenance Cost
1,000s of Dollars
Y
20
* *
* *
10
* ** *
**
Patient-days in 1,000s
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Y
20
* *
* *
10
* ** *
**
Patient-days in 1,000s
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Maintenance Cost
1,000s of Dollars
* *
* *
10
* ** *
**
Patient-days in 1,000s
Patient days = 800
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$1,000
800
$ 11,000
10,000
$ 1,000
= $1.25/patient-day
Y = $10,000 + $1.25X
Total maintenance cost
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Y = $3,400 + $8.00X
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Quick Check
Sales salaries and commissions are $10,000 when
80,000 units are sold, and $14,000 when 120,000
units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is
the variable portion of sales salaries and
commission?
a. $0.08 per unit
b. $0.10 per unit
c. $0.12 per unit
d. $0.125 per unit
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Quick Check
Sales salaries and commissions are $10,000 when
80,000 units are sold, and $14,000 when 120,000
units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is
the variable portion of sales salaries and
commission?
Units
Cost
a. $0.08 per unit High level
120,000
$ 14,000
b. $0.10 per unit Low level
80,000
10,000
40,000
$ 4,000
c. $0.12 per unit Change
d. $0.125 per unit
$4,000 40,000 units
= $0.10 per unit
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Quick Check
Sales salaries and commissions are $10,000 when
80,000 units are sold, and $14,000 when 120,000
units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is
the fixed portion of sales salaries and commissions?
a. $ 2,000
b. $ 4,000
c. $10,000
d. $12,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Sales salaries and commissions are $10,000 when
80,000 units are sold, and $14,000 when 120,000
units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is
the fixed portion of sales salaries and commissions?
Total cost = Total fixed cost +
a. $ 2,000
Total variable cost
b. $ 4,000
$14,000 = Total fixed cost +
c. $10,000
($0.10 120,000 units)
d. $12,000 Total fixed cost = $14,000 - $12,000
Total fixed cost
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= $2,000
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20
* *
* *2
10
* ** *
**
0
0
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2
3
Activity
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Sales Revenue
Less: Variable costs
Contribution margin
Total
$ 100,000
60,000
$ 40,000
30,000
$ 10,000
Unit
$ 50
30
$ 20
Used primarily by
management.
Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Appendix 5A
Least-Squares
Regression Using
Microsoft Excel.
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Here is the
estimate of the
slope of the line.
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Here is the
estimate of the
fixed costs.
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Here is the
estimate of R2.
End of Chapter 5
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