NOS 110 Ower Point

Guide to Operating Systems,
4th ed.
Chapter 7: Using and Configuring

Storage Devices
Objectives
Explain common disk storage technologies

Back up data using operating system tools
Explain network storage technologies
Discuss removable disk storage
Describe tape drive technologies
Explain storage management tools in different
operating systems
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
Disk Storage Options

Today, most computers come with one or more
DVD/CD-ROM drives and a fixed hard drive
Removable hard drives and flash drives can be
connected through USB ports and other
communication channels
Disk refers to a hard drive and disc refers to an
optical medium, such as a CD or DVD
Disk Storage Options
Hard Drive Interfaces

In some older PCs, a popular hard drive interface
was the Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface
Enhanced IDE (EIDE) supports higher transfer
speeds, connects up to four devices, and is found
in older PCs
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) refers to the
IDE standard as the Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
The newer high-speed serial version of the ATA

interface is called Serial ATA (SATA)
External SATA (eSATA) interface that enables
connectivity for an external SATA drive

Through eSATA you can connect external SATA
drives by plugging into a port or slot interface
Interface options include PCMCIA and Express Card
Light Peak an emerging technology that is

projected to be a contender for the USB peripheral
device market (uses an optical connection)
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
relatively fast interface that can support up to 8 or
16 devices
Disks and other SCSI devices are connected together in a
daisy chain fashion

SCSI (continued)
Each end of the SCSI cable must be electrically terminated to
prevent echoes and ghost signals on the cable
A terminator is an electronic resistor that absorbs the signal
Can be built into a device, such as a disk drive
Advances in SCSI have resulted in several enhancements:

Ultra SCSI, Ultra wide SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI, Ultra2 wide SCSI,
Ultra3 SCSI (Ultra 160), Ultra320 SCSI, and Ultra640 SCSI
Ultra640 transfers at a rate of 640 MBps, has a 16-bit bus, handles
16 devices and used for servers and network storage
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) new technology that supports up

to 16,256 devices, has initial speeds in the 3-6 Gbps range,
and is compatible with the SATA interface
SCSI Configuration

Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table
or GPT a new way to partition disks
Allows OSs to handle extremely large disks
Windows System Information utility is a way to view

the hard drive configuration on your computer
Hard disk failures do happen so backing up your
computer is an essential practice
Most OSs today offer Backup utilities that make
backing up data easier
Examples of those utilities are listed in the table on the next
slide
Backup utilities
10

Basic and Dynamic Disks Windows OS has the ability
to distinguish between these two disk types
Basic a physical hard drive that contains primary and
extended partitions, or logical drives that are known as volumes
Dynamic volumes that can span multiple disks
Fault tolerance is supported involves implementing software or
hardware to protect against hardware failures, power interruptions,
and lost data
Supported by all editions of Windows Server 2003/R2 and
Windows Server 2008/R2
Supported by some later versions of Windows desktop versions
Basic disks can be converted to dynamic disks by using the Disk
Management tool in Windows
11

Solid State Drives (SSD) a storage technology
that uses semiconductors for storage
Similar technology is used in flash drives but SSDs are larger
than flash drives and hold more data
Advantages of SSD over traditional hard drives:
No moving parts
No sensitive magnetic disks
Faster access to data
More reliable because there are no fragile drive platters
Lower power requirements because there is no motor
Disadvantage:
More expensive than traditional hard disk storage
12

RAID Arrays Redundant array of inexpensive (or
independent) disks
RAID arrays serve four purposes:
Increased reliability
Increased storage capacity
Increased speed
Fault tolerance
Various RAID designs, typically designated as

Level 0 Level 5
RAID can be costly and is primarily used on
servers
13

RAID is implemented as a combination of hardware
and software
Hardware hard disks connected to a controller (or more than
one)
Software provides an interface to the OS to provide access to
special RAID features offered
Modern RAID systems offer configuration at the

hardware level (does not need OS to configure
RAID)
RAID is covered in more detail in Chapter 11
14
CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

Compact Disc (CD) Technology a polycarbonate
plastic disc that has a reflective optical surface that
can be read by a laser
CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory uses a
technology in which information is pressed onto the
disc one time (read or played many times)
CD-R compact disc recordable information can
be burned onto the disc by a laser one time
Commonly called burning a disc
CD-RW compact disc rewriteable you can write

to the disc many times
15

CDs store data in a big spiral instead of tracks and
sectors like hard disks
When a disc is read:
Laser light is emitted by the CD-ROM drive head and reflected
off the disc surface onto an optical pickup
Surface is covered with indentations or pits, depending on the
size of the pits, ones or zeros are returned
The surface of the CD reflects light during a data read
operation
CDs are very sensitive to scratches and other kinds

of damages that can hinder optical readout
16

Data on the CD can employ any or all of the
following error recovery methods:
Parity simple error detection method that typically counts the
number of nonzero bits in a string of data, then sets a parity bit
to reflect whether the bits total to an even or odd number
Error correction code (ECC) can replace errors by adding
duplicate data or parity data so missing data can be recovered
Error concealment uses surrounding data to help calculate
approximate data to fill in for the missing data
Cyclic redundancy check code (CRCC) uses an algebraic
polynomial and error key to detect and overcome errors
Reed-Solomon R-S codes uses a complex polynomial
technique for addressing data errors
17

A standard CD holds 737 MB of user data, but
counting space for error detection the true storage
capacity is about 847 MB
CDs are rated in terms of recording minutes as well
as megabytes of data because they are used for
music or audio as well as for data
Rotational speeds of CD-ROM drives range from
the normal speed of 200-500 revolutions per
minute to as high as 72 times that speed (72X)
18

Digital video disc (DVD) works a lot like a CD but
storage capacity and data transfer rate of a DVD
are much higher than for a CD
DVDs can store information on two sides with up to
two layers per side
Unlike CDs, DVDs have a second layer that is read by using
light that hits the disk at a different angle
A single-layer single-sided DVD holds 4.7 GB of

data
A double-layer single-sided DVD holds 8.54 GB and a doublelayer double-sided DVD holds up to 17.08 GB of data
19

Recordable and Rewritable DVDs
Digital video disc-recordable (DVD-R)
Digital video disc+recordable (DVD+R)
20
DVD drives and media

21

DVD/CD-ROM Drives
Usually connected to a computer using a hard disk
interface
Most PCs use the SATA, EIDE, or SCSI interface
Require different drivers than hard disk drives
Most PCs have drivers built into the BIOS system and
boot system
This enables computers to boot an OS from a CD or DVD
Most PCs can boot an OS directly from a CD or DVD for

initial installation
22

Blu-Ray Drives
Blu-ray discs are different from DVD/CD-ROM because the
data is recorded on top of the polycarbonate layer
Enables the information on the disc to be read more accurately
without the problem of disc tilt
Data transfer speed can reach 36 MBps (compared to about 10

MBps for DVDs)
Current storage capacity of a disc is a maximum of 50 GB
Connected to computers using a SATA interface
To play a Blu-ray video on a computer, you must have a video
display compatible with High-bandwidth Definition Content
Protection (HDCP)
23
Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Organizations today are dealing with massive
amounts of data
Backups, disaster recovery, and availability of data are reasons
why storage area networks and cloud storage are growing in
popularity
Storage Area Networks (SAN) a grouping of

storage devices that form a small private network
Data transfer between servers and storage systems takes
place on Fibre Channel
Typical speed for most Fibre Channels is 8 Gbps (16 and 40
Gbps under development)
24
Storage area network (SAN)

25

InfiniBand designed for ultrafast connectivity in
data centers, such as linking servers for clustering
to act as one powerful server
Emerged as an alternative to Fibre Channel
Network attached storage (NAS) a way to directly

attach storage to a local area network (LAN)
Works with multiple OSs
Allows most clients to access the storage on the network using
TCP/IP (standard network communications protocol)
Different than a SAN servers communicate with the storage
over the main network rather than by a separate Fibre Channel
26

NAS can use Internet Small Computer System
Interface (iSCSI) for communications
Offers TCP/IP-based communication that enables connectivity
with SCSI-based storage arrays
Faster data access than Fibre Channel because data
transmission speeds are linked to the actual speed of the
network
Because it uses TCP/IP, can be used on LANs, WANs, or over
the Internet
Disadvantage: creates extra network traffic which can lead to
network congestion
27
Network attached storage (NAS)

28

Cloud Storage available through the Internet or
through Web-based applications
Data may be transferred over the Internet or network to the
users computer or user can manipulate data on a remote
computer via the Internet
Users data is available from any location where Internet is
available
Provides fault tolerance
Examples: YouTube hosts millions of video files, Google Docs
stores document files and spreadsheets
Files can be made public or kept private
29
Removable Disks
Early examples were floppy disks and Zip disks
Storage capacities from 1.44 MB 750 MB
Today, users expect removable storage capacities

to match hard disk capacities
Some removable hard disks that connect to USB ports can hold
over 1 TB of data
Another removable disk option: SSD

Connects to the computer through a USB port
Other options:
eSATA and Light Peak (mentioned earlier in this chapter)
30
USB Flash Drives

Flash drives or thumb drives plug into a USB port
and have no internal moving parts
Dont require additional drivers and are quickly recognized by
PnP
Easy to use and fit in your pocket
Typical sizes (at this writing) include 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 GB
Work with Windows, UNIX/Linux, and Mac OS X
31
USB Flash Drives
Storage media capacities and life spans

32
Tapes and Tape Drives

Tape backup systems are a traditional choice for
backing up large amounts of data
Use magnetic storage and record data in
sequential order
Disadvantage to find a file near the end of the tape, drive
must first go through all of the data recorded prior to that file
Access to data is typically slower than a removable hard drive
Most popular for long-term storage

With disk drives growing into terabytes, tape drive technology is
continuing to evolve in order to keep up
33
Tape media capacities

34

DAT Drives - Digital audio tape
Use a 4-mm tape and the digital data storage (DDS) format
DDS-1 has a capacity of 2 GB (4 GB compressed)
Current standard is DDS-5 storage capacity of 36 GB (72 GB
compressed)
Backward compatible can upgrade to a DDS-5 drive and still
read DDS-4 tapes
Rated at an archival life of 10 years
Still used for audio recordings, but use for data storage is
mostly replaced by other tape technologies
35

DLT Drives Digital linear tape
Use half-inch wide magnetic tapes
Record data in tracks
Offers a high-speed search capability a file can be found in a
few seconds to a little over a minute
Used in many automated tape backup systems
SDLT Drives Super digital linear tape

Use both magnetic and optical recording methods
Laser technology can more accurately write data to the tape
and allows for greater density of information
Up to 2.4 TB compressed
Both DLT and SDLT have an archival life of up to

30 years
36

AIT Drives Advanced intelligent tape (AIT)
First introduced in 1996 and used mainly in midrange servers
Tapes have an erasable memory chip inside the cartridge that
stores information normally written at the beginning of the tape
Can fast forward and pinpoint information faster
Started out with a capacity of 35/90 GB
S-AIT Drives Super advanced intelligent tape

Has a capacity of 500 GB/1.3 TB (native/compressed)
Both of these drives can sustain up to 30,000 tape

passes and have an archival life of 30 years
37

LTO Drives Linear tape open
Most widely accepted in high-end servers (because of highspeed performance)
Standards are open to the public and are nonproprietary
LTO Ultrium format was developed so that LTO tapes can be
used in existing DLT tape drives
For faster conversion to LTO Ultrium technology
Offer fast data transfer speed of up to 240 MBps, for

noncompressed data and 120 MBps for compressed data
Can sustain up to 260 tape passes and have an archival life of
15-30 years
38
Storage Management Tools

Windows Storage Management Tools
Windows Disk Management tool for hard drive and removable
storage is available in the following versions:
Windows XP/Vista/7, Server 2003/R2, and Server 2008/R2
Enables you to:

Create, format, and delete partitions
Manage partitions
Manage removable storage such as hard drives, DVD/CD-ROM
drives, and flash drives
Convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk
Can access this tool from Computer Manager

Other utilities are Disk Defragmenter, chkdsk, and format
39
Windows Disk Management tool in Windows 7

40

Disk Management Tools in UNIX/Linux
Common command-line utilitities: fdisk, format, sfdisk, and
cfdisk
sfdisk and cfdisk enable you to verify partitions, list information
about partitions, and repartition a disk
Command-line utility mount mounts a file system so that you
can use a disk partition
Many need to manually mount file systems for DVD/CD-ROM or
flash drives
In Linux with the GNOME desktop, there are GUI tools to

manage disk storage
41
GNOME Disk Utility

42
Summary of UNIX/Linux disk management

commands
43

Mac OS X Disk Utility available to partition,
format, and manage hard drives, DVD/CD-ROM
drives, removable hard drives, flash drives, and
other storage
Options available depend on the type of storage medium
selected
When you select a storage medium in the left pane, the utility
displays appropriate tabs for the actions you can perform on that
storage medium
Because Mac OS X is UNIX-based, you can also

open a terminal window and use the mount
command to manage storage media
44
Mac OS X Snow Leopard Disk Utility

45
Chapter Summary
This chapter provides an introduction to how OSs interface with
storage devices and gives an overview of storage device
technologies
Popular computer storage technologies include hard disk drives,
solid state drives, RAID arrays, CD, DVD, and Blue-Ray
technologies that interface to the computer through the OS and
device drivers
An important part of learning to manage hard disk storage is
performing backups
Network storage devices include storage area networks (SANs)
and network attached storage (NAS)
Cloud storage enables users to access storage through the
Internet or a network using Web-based interfaces
46
Chapter Summary
SANs can use Fibre Channel or InfinitBand technology and
NAS can use iSCSI storage technology
Modern medium- to large-capacity removable storage
includes USB attached removable hard drives, USB solid
state drives, eSATA drives, Light Peak drives, and USB flash
drives
Common tape storage options include DAT, DLT, SDLT,
AIT, S-AIT, and LTO tapes and drives
Operating systems come with storage management tools,
such as the Windows Disk Management tool, the Disk Utility
in GNOME for Linux, and the Mac OS X Disk Utility
47

NOS 110 Ower Point

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

NOS 110 Ower Point

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Guide to Operating Systems,

Chapter 7: Using and Configuring

Explain common disk storage technologies

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Disk Storage Options

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Disk Storage Options

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Hard Drive Interfaces

The newer high-speed serial version of the ATA

Hard Drive Interfaces

Light Peak an emerging technology that is

Hard Drive Interfaces

Advances in SCSI have resulted in several enhancements:

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) new technology that supports up

Hard Drive Interfaces

Hard Drive Interfaces

Windows System Information utility is a way to view

Hard Drive Interfaces

Hard Drive Interfaces

Hard Drive Interfaces

Advantages of SSD over traditional hard drives:

Hard Drive Interfaces

Various RAID designs, typically designated as

Hard Drive Interfaces

Modern RAID systems offer configuration at the

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

CD-RW compact disc rewriteable you can write

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

CDs are very sensitive to scratches and other kinds

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

A single-layer single-sided DVD holds 4.7 GB of

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

DVD drives and media

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

Most PCs can boot an OS directly from a CD or DVD for

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray

Data transfer speed can reach 36 MBps (compared to about 10

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Storage Area Networks (SAN) a grouping of

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Storage area network (SAN)

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Network attached storage (NAS) a way to directly

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Network attached storage (NAS)

Network Storage and Cloud Storage

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

Today, users expect removable storage capacities

Another removable disk option: SSD

Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

USB Flash Drives