CURRENT AND

VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS

Voltage transformers:
The function of voltage transformers is
grouped as:
Measurement VTs
- Limits well defined.
Protection VTs.
- Operation over wide range of
voltages.
They have different characteristics.

Voltage transformers:
They may be single phase or three phases.
VTs are necessary for voltage, directional,
and distance protection.
The primary of VT is connected directly to
power circuit between phase and ground
depending upon rated voltage and
application.
The volt- ampere rating of voltage
transformer is lesser as compared with that
of power transformers.

Voltage transformers:
There are two types of constructions:
Electromagnetic potential transformer in
which primary and secondary are
wound on magnetic core.
Capacitor potential transformer, in
which the primary voltage is applied to
to series capacitor group.

Specifications for VTs:

Rated primary voltage

Rated secondary voltage
Rated burden
Supply frequency
Number of phases
Class of accuracy
Insulation level, power frequency and
impulse voltage withstand.
Limits of dimensions, types of
construction,

Rated characteristics:
Rated voltage.
The voltage marked on the rating plate of
the VT. There are several values of
standard primary voltages. (11 kV, 33 kV,
132 kV, 400 kV)
Rated transformation ratio:
The ratio of rated primary voltage to rated
secondary voltage.
Rated secondary voltage:
It is the value of secondary voltage marked
on name plate. For example: 110/3 V

Rated characteristics:

Residual voltage:
Vector sum of three lines to earth
voltages, i.e
Vres = Vrn + Vyn +Vbn
Phase error:
The phase angle between primary voltage
vector and the reversed secondary voltage
vector (measured in minutes).

Rated characteristics:

Ratio error:
Percentage ratio error = 100(KnVs - Vp)/ Vp
Where
Kn = normal ratio
Vs = secondary voltage
Vp= primary voltage

Rated burden:
The burden assigned by manufacturer at which the
V.T performs with specified accuracy.

Site testing of VTs

Ratio test
Insulation test
Resistance test
On load test

Sample of low voltage VT

Current transformers:
The function of current transformers is
grouped as:
Measurement CTs
- Limits well defined.
Protection CTs.
- Operation over wide range of
currents.
They have different characteristics.

Current transformers:
The

current transformers
(CT) step down AC current
to a low value (1 A, 5A).
The volt- ampere rating of
current transformer is lesser
as compared with that of
power transformers.

Specification for CTs:

Rated primary current

Rated secondary current
Rated burden
Supply frequency
Number of phases
Class of accuracy
Insulation level, power frequency and
impulse voltage withstand.
Limits of dimensions, types of
construction,

Rated characteristics:

Rated primary current.

The value of primary current on which the performance
of the current transformer is specified by the
manufacturer. (rms value)
Rated short time current (Primary)
It is defined as r.m.s value of a.c component which the
CT can carry for rated time without damage due to
thermal or electrodynamics stresses.
Rated secondary current:
It is the value of secondary current marked on name
plate.

Rated characteristics:

Phase error:
The phase angle between primary current vector
and the reversed secondary current vector
(measured in minutes).
Ratio error:
Percentage ratio error = 100(KnIs - Ip)/ Ip
Where
Kn = normal ratio
Is = secondary current
Ip = primary current
Rated burden:
The burden assigned by manufacturer at which the
C.T performs with specified accuracy.

Rated characteristics:

Accuracy class
The class assigned to the current
transformer with the specified limits
of ratio error and phase angle error.
(5P20)
Rated exciting current
The r.m.s value of current taken by
the secondary-winding of a C.T.

Site testing of CTs

Ratio test
Insulation test
Resistance test
Magnetizing current test
Polarity test
On load test

Sample of low voltage CT