Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
SAFETY
The structure must sustain, with adequate margins of safety, all the loads and
deformation. The possibility of collapse must be avoided.
ECONOMICAL
The structure must be fabricated and constructed economically within the
constrains of FUNCTION and SAFETY. It is also economical to maintain.
AESTHETICS
When visible the structures should be of pleasing appearance and minimise
their intrusive effect.
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
Structural members are subject to several
actions:
Tension
Compression
Moment
Shear
Torsion
APPLICATIONS
Factory
Stadium
Building
Transmission tower
Warehouse
Power Plant
Discount store
Etc.
MAIN USE
MAIN CONSIDERATION
Bearing wall
Design of steelwork
normally straightforward
Steel frame
Simple construction or
continuous construction,
depending on types of
joints used.
Long span
High rise
Wind load
Architect
Engineer
Main Contractor
Sub-Contractor
(others)
Sub-Contractor
(fabricator)
Stockist
Manufacturer
Quantity Surveyor
STRUCTURAL IDEALISATION
A suitable structural system must be selected before carrying out
analysis and design.
Factors might influence the choice:
The span involve requirement for long spans or large clear floor
areas.
The vertical loading presence of heavy load or need cranes?
The horizontal loading how to resist horizontal (wind) loading? Rigid
joint? Bracing? Shear wall?
ADVANTAGES
Advantages:
High strength/weight ratio. Thus self-weight is relatively low.
Permits heavy loads and large clear spans. Suitable for high rise,
long span bridges and structures on the soft soil.
Good ductility steel experiences large plastic deformation before
failure occurs, thus provide enough warning to fix or evacuate the
structures.
Isotropic behaviour.
Ease and speed of erection relative economy.
Quick to repair.
Repetitive use.
Relative ease of fabrication.
Modifications at a later date.
Good dimensional control.
STEEL PRODUCTION
Can be divided into three stages:
a) Iron production a chemical process of four raw materials
i.e. iron ore, blast furnace, coke and limestone. The final
product is cast iron with high content of carbon, sulphur,
phosphorus.
b) Steel production process to reduce carbon, sulphur and
phosphorus in cast iron. If required, chromium, nickel and
manganese are added to produce corrosion resistance
material.
c) Rolling process steel billets are rolled to produce
required steel sections.
Steel usually contains 98% iron + other chemicals.
Carbon steel
Alloy steel
High-strength low alloy steel
Stainless steel
Tool steel
UNIVERSAL BEAM
UNIVERSAL COLUMN
ANGLE
CHANNEL
HOLLOW
GEOMETRICAL AXES
EN 1992
EN 1995
EN 1997
EN 1990
Structural safety,
serviceability and durability,
combination of actions.
EN 1991
Actions on structures
EN 1993
EN 1996
EN 1994
EN 1999
EN 1998
Effects
Resistance
Verification
Check
Execution
EUROCODE SYMBOLS
The Eurocode system uses the ISO convention for symbols and sub-scripts.
Where multiple sub-scripts occur, a comma is used to separate them. Four
main sub-scripts and their definitions are given below:
Eurocode subscript
Definition
Ed
Rd
Design resistance
el
Elastic property
pl
Plastic property
Med
MRd
Wel
Wpl
Transient
Accidental
Seismic
STR
GEO
FAT
TYPES OF ACTIONS
Permanent actions
Variable actions
Accidental actions
- G, g
- Q, q
-A
LOAD COMBINATION
Fundamental combinations of actions may be
determined from EN1990 using either:
Equation 6.10
Less favourable of equation 6.10a and 6.10b.
VARIABLE ACTIONS Q