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Force F
Stress
Area
A
DIRECT STRAIN ,
x
Strain
L
The
symbol
called EPSILON
The stiffness is different for the different material and different sizes of the
material. We may eliminate the size by using stress and strain instead of
force and deformation:
If F and x is refer to the direct stress and strain , then
F A
x L
hence
F A
x L
and
FL
Ax
The stiffness is now in terms of stress and strain only and this
constant is called the MODULUS of ELASTICITY (E)
FL
Ax
STRAIN HARDENING
NECKING
At the ultimate stress, the cross sectional area begins its localised
region of specimen
it is caused by slip planes formed within material
Actual strain produced by shear strain
As a result, neck tend to form
Smaller area can only carry lesser load, hence curve donward
Specimen break at FRACTURE STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress is the force per unit area carrying the load. This
means the cross sectional area of the material being cut, the
beam and pin.
F
Shear stress,
A
The sign convention for shear force and stress is based on how it
shears the materials as shown below.
SHEAR STRAIN
The force causes the material to deform as shown. The shear strain
is defined as the ratio of the distance deformed to the height
x
L
.
Shear strain
x
L
( symbol called
Gamma)
F
cons tan t
x
F
A F x L FL con tan t
x
A x Ax
L
Where
x
L
then
F L FL
x
con tan t
A x Ax
This constant will have a special value for each elastic material
and is called the Modulus of Rigidity (G).
DOUBLE SHEAR
Consider a pin joint with a support on both ends as shown. This
is called CLEVIS and CLEVIS PIN
By balance of force, the force in the two supports is F/2 each
The area sheared is twice the cross section of the pin
So it takes twice as much force to break the pin as for a case of
single shear
Double shear arrangements doubles the maximum force
allowed in the pin
SELECTION OF F.S.
1. Variations that may occur in the properties of the member under
considerations
2. The number of loading that may be expected during the life of the
structural/machine
3. The type of loading that are planned for in the design, or that may
occur in the future
4. The type of failure that may occur
5. Uncertainty due to the methods of analysis
6. Deterioration that may occur in the future because of poor
maintenance / because of unpreventable natural causes
7. The importance of a given member to the integrity of the whole
structure
WORKED EXAMPLE 8
0.6 m
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
FL
AE
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
0.4 m
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
WORKED EXAMPLE 9