WCDMA Physical Layer Design: A. Chockalingam

WCDMA Physical Layer Design
A. Chockalingam
Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
achockal@ece.iisc.ernet.in
http://ece.iisc.ernet.in/~achockal
Outline
WCDMA
Network Architecture
WCDMA
Physical Layer
Physical / Transport / Logical Channels
Uplink
Spreading - Channelisation / Scrambling
Transport Formats and Configuration
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Downlink
Spreading / Scrambling / Channelisation
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore
2G to 3G Evolution
EDGE
GSM
D
A
T
A
GPRS
WCDMA
IS-95A
I
S
9
9
IS-95B
IMT2000
cdma2000
IMT2000: ITUs Standardization Effort towards 3G

(IMT-2000 previously termed as FPLMTS)
UMTS: European Effort (Specified by 3G Partnership Project 3GPP)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
UMTS NW Model
Non-access Stratum
(Protocols between UE and Core NW)
Access Stratum
Home
Network
(Protocols between UE and Access NW)
Zu
USIM
Cu
Mobile
Equipment
User Equipment
Serving
Network
Access
Network
Uu
Iu
Access Network
PS/CS
Transit
Network
Yu
Core Network
Infrastructure
Stratum: Refers to a way of
grouping protocols handling activities
Dr. A. Chockalingam
UMTS NW Architecture
Uu
Iu
UTRAN
Iub
Node B
UE
RNS
RNC
CN
CN (CS Domain)
3G MSC
/ VLR
3G
GMSC
Node B
Registers
Iur
UE
HLR/AuC/EIR
(Home Network)
RNS
Node B
CN (PS Domain)
RNC
Node B
SGSN
GGSN
UE
Dr. A. Chockalingam
WCDMA System Features
UTRA FDD mode and TDD mode
UTRA FDD features

Multiple Access:
CDMA
Channel Spacing:
5 MHz
Chip Rate:
3.84 Mcps
Frame Length:
10 msec
Time Slots:
15 slots per 10 msec frame
Spreading Factor:
4 to 512
Multi-rate:
Through Multi-code or
Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Dr. A. Chockalingam
UTRA FDD Features

FEC Codes:
Rate 1/2, 1/3 convolutional code

with constraint length K = 9
Rate 1/3, 8-state Turbo coding
Interleaving:
Intra- or Inter-frame interleaving
(10, 20 40, 80 msec)
Modulation:
QPSK
Detection:
Coherent based on pilot symbols
Micro diversity:
RAKE in BS and UE
Power Control:
Fast closed-loop at 1500 Hz rate
Intra-frequency HO: Soft / Softer Handover
Inter-frequency HO: Hard Handover
Interference Cancellation: Support for multiuser detection
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Radio Interface Protocol Model

CONTROL PLANE
USER PLANE
L3
U-Plane Radio Bearers (Radio Network Layer)
RRC
Control
User Plane
Radio Bearers
Signalling
Radio Bearers
PDCP
BMC
L2
(Radio Link Layer)
RLC
Logical Channels
MAC
Transport Channels
PHY
Dr. A. Chockalingam
L1
(Radio Physical Layer)
8
WCDMA Radio Channels
Physical Channels
Transmission media.
Two types of physical channels defined in L1; FDD and TDD.
FDD is characterized by frequency, code, I/Q phase
Follow a layered structure of radio frames and time slots
Transport Channels
describes the way information is transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels
the type of information transferred characterizes a logical channel
UE
BS
RNC
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Physical Channels
Corresponds
to a specific carrier frequency,

code, relative phase in I and Q branches
Dedicated and Common Physical Channels
Layered structure of radio frames and time slots
A radio frame = 10 msec = 15 slots/frame
1 frame = 38400 chips, 1 slot = 2560 chips
Slot configuration varies depending on the
channel bit rate of the physical channel
# bits/slot different for different physical channels
may vary with time (on a frame by frame basis)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
10
U/L Physical Channels

Dedicated
U/L Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
Common
U/L Channels
PRACH
Preamble part
Message part
PCPCH
Preamble part
Message part
Dr. A. Chockalingam
11
Dedicated U/L Physical Channels

Two
types
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH)
Both are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
U/L
DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel

U/L DPCCH carries L1 control bits such as
Pilot bits (to enable channel estimation for coherent detection at BS)
Transmit power control (TPC) commands
Feedback Information (FBI)
used for CL transmit diversity and Site Selection Diversity
Transmission (SDTC)
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)

for several simultaneous services. Informs the rx of the transport
format combination of the transport channels mapped to DPDCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
12
U/L Frame Structure
There is only one U/L DPCCH on each radio link

There can be 0, 1, or several DPDCHs on each radio link
10 msec frames divided into 15 slots
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 msec

S0
S1
DPDCH
(on I-Chl)
DPCCH
(on Q-Chl)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
S2
S3
S13
S14
1 time slot = 2/3 msec
DATA
(Ndata bits)
Pilot
TFCI FBI TPC
10 bits = 2560 chips => SF = 256

13
I, Q Spreading for DPDCH, DPCCH

Cc, Cd,n: Channelization codes
Sdpch,n: Scrambling code
Bd, Bc: Gain factors
DPDCH-1
Cd,1
Bd
Cd,3
Bd
DPDCH-3
I+jQ
DPDCH-2
Sdpch,n
Cd,2
Bd
Q
j
DPCCH-2
Cc
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Bc
Up to 6 DPDCHs in parallel
14
WCDMA Transmission Rates (U/L)
System Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps
Symbol Rates on Uplink

Chl Symb Rate
Chl Bit Rate
SF
15 Ks/s
15 Kb/s
256
150
10
30 Ks/s
30 Kb/s
128
300
20
60 Ks/s
60 Kb/s
64
600
40
120 Ks/s
120 Kb/s
32
1200
80
240 Ks/s
240 Kb/s
16
2400
160
480 Ks/s
480 Kb/s
4800
320
960 Ks/s
960 Kb/s
9600
640
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Bits/frame
Ndata
15
WCDMA Channelisation Codes
Orthogonal codes
Used for channel separation both in U/L and D/L

directions
Can have different spreading factor values (thus

support different symbol rates)
Cch,SF,k : SF - Spreading Factor, k is the code number

0<=k<= SF-1
Spreading factor value indicates how many bits of

those codes are used in a connection
Dr. A. Chockalingam
16
U/L Channelization Codes

Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

channelization codes
Separates data / control channels from same UE
Preserves orthogonality between these channels
SF=2
SF=1
SF=4
(1,1,1,1)
(1,1)
C(SF,k)
(1,1,-1,-1)
(1)
(1,-1)
SF: Spreading Factor
k: code number 0<k<=SF-1
Dr. A. Chockalingam
(1,-1,1,-1)
(1,-1,-1,1)
17
U/L Scrambling Codes

Use
complex valued scrambling code
Long
scrambling sequences (2^24)
Gold sequences (linear combination of two m-sequences)

Short
scrambling sequences (2^24)
from a family sequence of periodically extended S(2)

codes
Long
or short sequences for DPCCH / DPDCH
Only
long sequences for message parts of PRACH

and PCPCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
18
WCDMA Code Types
Scrambling Codes, Channelisation Codes

Uplink
Downlink
Scrambling codes
User separation
Cell separation
Channelisation
codes
Data and Control

channels from the
same terminal
Users within a
cell
Spreading code = Scrambling code x Channelisation code

Dr. A. Chockalingam
19
Common U/L Physical Channels
Two Types
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet CHannel (PCPCH)
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH)
carries RACH
Uses S-ALOHA technique with fast Acquisition Indication
Access slots (15 access slots per 2 frames)
RA transmission consists of
several 4096 chip preambles (uses 256 repetitions of 16 chips
signature sequence) and 1or 2 frame message
Preamble
Preamble
Message Part (1 or 2 frames)
4096 Chips
Dr. A. Chockalingam
20
Random Access
UE
BS
PRACH: Preamble sent (initial access)

No detection on AICH
PRACH: Preamble sent (initial access)
AICH: Preamble sent detected
PRACH: Random Access Info sent
Dr. A. Chockalingam
21
Common U/L Physical Channels
Physical Common Packet CHannel (PCPCH)

Carries CPCH
CPCH is based on DSMA-CD technique with fast
Acquisition Indication
Access slot timing and structure are identical to those
defined for RACH
Transmission consists of
Access preamble(s) - one or several each 4096 chips

Collision Detection preamble
DPCCH Power Control Preamble (0 or 8 slots)
Message of variable length (Nx10 msec)
PCPCH good for carrying small sized bursty data

Dr. A. Chockalingam
22
Transport Formats / Configurations
Transport Block (TB)

Basic unit of data exchanged between L1 & MAC for L1
processing
Transport Block Size: Number of bits in a TB.
Transport Block Set (TBS)

A set of TBs exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same
time instant using the same transport channel
Transport Block Set Size: Number of bits in a TBS
Transmission Time Interval (TTI)

Periodicity at which a TBS is transferred by the physical layer
on to the radio interface - {10, 20, 40, 80 ms}
MAC delivers one TBS to the physical layer every TTI
Dr. A. Chockalingam
23
Transport Format (TF)

Format offered by L1 to MAC (and vice versa) for the delivery of a
TBS during a TTI on a given transport channel (TrCH)
Dynamic part (TB size, TBS size)
Semi-static part (TTI, type/rate of coding,size of CRC)
TB size, TBS size, TTI define the TrCH bit rate before L1 processing
e.g., TB size = 336 bits (320 bit payload + 16 bits RLC header)
TBS size = 2 TBs per TTI, TTI = 10 ms
DCH Bit rate (with RLC header) = 336*2/10 = 67.2 Kbps
User Bit rate (without RLC header) = 320*2/10 = 64 Kbps
Variable bit rate can be achieved by changing (between TTIs)

either the TBS size only, or both the TB size and TBS Size
Transport Format Set (TFS)

a set of TFs associated with a TrCH
semi-static part of all TFs in a TFS is the same
Dr. A. Chockalingam
24
Transport Format Combination (TFC)

Multiple TrCHs each having a TF
Authorized combination of the currently valid TFs that can be
submitted to L1 on a CCTrCH, containing one TF from each TrCH
Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)
A set of TFCs on a CCTrCH. Produced by RNC

TFCS is given to MAC by L3 for control
MAC chooses between the different TFCs specified in the TFCS
MAC has control over only the dynamic part of the TFs. Semi-static part
relates to QoS (e.g., quality) and is controlled by RNC admission control
Bit rate can be changed quickly by MAC with no need to L3 signaling
Transport Format Indicator (TFI)

A label for a specific TF within a TFS. Used between MAC and L1
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)

Used to inform the receiving side of the currently valid TFC
Dr. A. Chockalingam
25

Transport Format
Combination (TFC)
DCH1
TB
TTI
TB
TB
TTI
TTI
Transport Block Set

(TBS)
TB
DCH2
TB
TTI
Transport Format
Set (TFS)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
TB
TB
TB
TB
TTI
Transport Format (TF)

TTI
Transport Format
Combination Set
(TFCS)
26
TFI and TFCI (Transmitter)

E.g: Two transport channels mapped to a single physical channel
Transport Chl 1
Transport
Block
Higher
Layer
Transport
Block
TFI
Transport Chl 2
Transport
Block
TFI
Transport
Block
This dotted line
represents the Iur interface
in case of NW side
Physical
Layer
Coding and
Multiplexing
TFCI
Physical
Control Chl
Physical
Data Chl
DPCCH (Q-Chl)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
DPDCH (I-Chl)
27
TFI and TFCI (Receiver)

Transport Chl 1
Transport Chl 2
Transport
Block & EI
Higher
Layer
Transport
Block & EI
TFI
Physical
Layer
Transport
Block & EI
TFI
EI: Error
Indication
Decoding and
Demultiplexing
TFCI
Decode
Physical
Control Chl
Physical
Data Chl
DPCCH (Q-Chl)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
Transport
Block & EI
DPDCH (I-Chl)
28
TFI and TFCI
Each transport channel is accompanied by a TFI at each

time event at which data is expected to arrive from HL
Physical layer combines the TFI info from different

transport channels to the TFCI
TFCI is sent on the DPCCH to inform the receiver about

the instantaneous transport format combination of the
transport channels mapped to the U/L DPDCH
transmitted simultaneously
Dr. A. Chockalingam
29
Transport Format (e.g., Speech)
Conversational Speech (12 Kbps)

12.2 Kbps max.
TTI: 20 msec
Transport Formats (TF) available:
TF
RAB1
TF0v
0 x 81
RAB2
0 x 103
TF1v
1 x 81
1 x 103
two other formats too (see Stds. Doc.)
RAB3
0 x 60 (e.g., silence)
1 x 60 (e.g, active voice)
TFC: (TF0, TF0, TF0) e.g., during silence

(TF1, TF1, TF1)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
e.g., during active voice periods
30
Transport Format (e.g., Data)
Interactive/Background Data (64 Kbps)

64 Kbps max.
TTI: 20 msec
Transport Block (TB) size = 336 bits
Transport Formats (TF) available:
TF0 - 0 x 336
TF1 - 1 x 336
TF2 - 2 x 336
TF3 - 3 x 336
TF4 - 4 x 336
Dr. A. Chockalingam
31
Transport Format (Speech + Data)
Conversational speech (12 Kbps) +

Interactive/Background Data (64 Kbps)
Voice TrCH
Data TrCH
TFC1:
(TF0v, TF0v, TF0v)
TF0d
TFC2:
TFC3:
(TF0v, TF0v, TF0v)

(TF0v, TF0v, TF0v)
TF1d
TF2d
TFC4:
(TF0v, TF0v, TF0v)
TF3d
TFC5:
(TF0v, TF0v, TF0v)
TF4d
TFC6:
(TF1v, TF1v, TF1v)
TF0d
TFC7:
TFC8:
TFC9:
TFC10:
(TF1v, TF1v, TF1v)

(TF1v, TF1v, TF1v)
(TF1v, TF1v, TF1v)
(TF1v, TF1v, TF1v)
TF1d
TF2d
TF3d
TF4d
Dr. A. Chockalingam
32
Multiplexing & Channel Coding
Data arrives at the coding/mux unit in transport block sets,

once every transmission time interval (TTI)
TTI depends on the transport channel; {10, 20, 40, 80 ms})
Main steps
Add CRC to each block

transport block concatenation and block segmentation
channel coding
first interleaving (per TTI)
radio frame segmentation (when TTI > 10 ms)
rate matching (repetition or puncturing)
multiplexing of transport channels (CCTrCH)
insertion of DTX indication bits
physical channel segmentation
second interleaving (per radio frame, ie., among bits in 1 radio frame)
mapping to physical channel
Dr. A. Chockalingam
33
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (U/L)

TrCH-1
CRC Attachment
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
Code Block Segmentation
TrBk Concatenation/
Channel Coding
Channel Coding
Radio Frame Equalization
1st Interleaving
1st Interleaving
Radio Frame Segmentation
Rate Matching
Rate Matching
TrCH-2
TrCH Multiplexing
CCTrCH
Physical Channel Segmentation
2nd interleaving
Physical Channel Mapping
Dr. A. Chockalingam
PhCH#1
PhCH#2
34
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)

Applicable
to DCH, RACH, CPCH, DSCH, BCH,

FACH, PCH
CRC
add CRC to each transport block for error detection

CRC calculated on entire transport block
Size of CRC: 24, 16, 12, 8, 0 bits
what CRC size is used for each TrCH is signaled from
higher layers
Dr. A. Chockalingam
35

TrBk
Concatenation & Code Block Segmentation
all transport blocks in a TTI are concatenated
if no. of bits in a TTI after concatenation (X) is greater than

the maximum size of the code block (in the channel coding
block), then code block segmentation is done
max. size of the code block (Z) depends on whether
Convolutional code ( Z = 504 bits) or
Turbo code ( Z = 5114 bits) is used for the TrCH
Code blocks after segmentation are of the same size

Filler bits (zeros) added to 1st coded block to
to make integer number of code blocks, or
if X < 40 bits when Turbo code is used
Dr. A. Chockalingam
36

Channel
Coding
Type of TrCH
Coding Scheme
Coding Rate
BCH
Convolutional
Coding
(constraint
length = 9)
1/2
PCH
RACH
DPCH, DCH,
DSCH, FACH
1/3, 1/2
Turbo Coding
1/3
If number of coded blocks is greater than 1, they are

serially concatenated
Dr. A. Chockalingam
37

padding the input bit sequence in order to ensure that
the output can be segmented into data segments of
equal size
I.e., number of bits per segment is same after radio
frame equalization
performed only on the U/L
1st
Interleaving
block interleaver
among bits in a TTI
Dr. A. Chockalingam
38

when TTI > 10 msec, input bit sequence is segmented
and mapped on to Fi consecutive radio frames
Rate
Matching
means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or

punctured to ensure that the total bit rate after TrCH
multiplexing is identical to the total channel bit rate
of the allocated dedicated physical channels
higher layers assign a rate-matching (semi-static)
attribute for each transport channel
this attribute is used to calculate the number of bits to
repeat or puncture, spreading factor, number of PhCHs
needed, rate matching pattern
Dr. A. Chockalingam
39

TrCH
Multiplexing
every 10 msec, one radio frame from each TrCH is

delivered to the TrCH multiplexing
these radio frames are serially concatenated into a
coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH)
Physical
Channel Segmentation
when more than once PhCH is used, the physical

channel segmentation divides the bits among different
PhCHs
2nd
Interleaving
among bits within a radio frame

Dr. A. Chockalingam
40
Insertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

Indication Bits
only on the D/L
used to fill up the radio frame with bits
insertion point depends on whether fixed positions (1st
Insertion) or flexible positions (2nd Insertion) of the
TrCHs in the radio frame are used
During connection setup, NW decides if fixed or flexible
position is used for each CCTrCH
DTX Indication bits are not transmitted; they only tell
when the Tx must be turned off
Dr. A. Chockalingam
41

Transport
Format Detection
TFCI Based Detection

Explicit Blind Detection
using receive power ratio
by use of channel decoding and CRC check
Guided Detection
Explicit blind detection used on Guiding TrCH
Guiding TrCH has the same TTI as the TrCH under

consideration
Dr. A. Chockalingam
42

Blind
Transport Format Detection
Using Received Power Ratio (for the case of 2 TFs)

Ratio of the power received on DPDCH (Pd) and DPCCH (Pc)
Full Rate TF: if ratio Pd/Pc > threshold
Zero rate TF: if ratio Pd/Pc < threshold
Using CRC (for the case of multiple TFs)

Receiver knows only the possible TFs or end bit (thru L3 signaling)
Receiver performs FEC (Viterbi) decoding
path metric selection among the surviving paths in the decoding
Dr. A. Chockalingam
43
D/L Physical Channels

Dedicated
D/L Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
Common
D/L Channels
Common PIlot CHannel (CPICH)

Primary CPICH
Secondary CPICH
Common Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH)

Primary CCPCH,
Secondary CCPCH
Synchronization CHannel (SCH)

Primary SCH,
Secondary SCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
44
Dedicated D/L Physical Channels

Dedicated
Physical CHannel (D/L DPCH)
transmits dedicated data generated at L2 and above

time-multiplexes with L1 control bits (Pilot, TPC,
TFCI)
D/L
DPCH
Time-multiplex of a D/L DPDCH and a D/L DPCCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
45
DL Frame Structure
10 msec frames divided into 15 slots

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 msec
S0
S1
S2
S3
S13
S14
1 time slot = 2/3 msec

DATA 1
DPDCH
TPC TFCI
DATA 2
DPCCH
DPDCH
Pilot
DPCCH
No. of bits in different DPDCH field (Npilot, Ntpc, Ntfci, Ndata1,

Ndata2) are given in tables
Which slot format to use is configured (and reconfigured) by

higher layers
Dr. A. Chockalingam
46
D/L Transmission
Multicode
Transmission on D/L
Multicode transmission can be employed on the D/L

I.e., CCTrCH is mapped on to several parallel D/L
DPCHs using the same spreading factor
In this case, L1 control information is sent only on the
first downlink DPCH
Multiple
CCTrCHs
In case there are several CCTrCHs mapped to different

DPCHs transmitted to the same UE, different spreading
factors can be used on DPCHs
multiple CCTrCHs feature for future release
Dr. A. Chockalingam
47
WCDMA Transmission Rates (D/L)
System Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps
Symbol Rates on Downlink

Symb Rate
Chl bit rate
SF
7.5 Ks/s
15 Kb/s
512
15 Ks/s
30 Kb/s
256
30 Ks/s
60 Kb/s
128
60 Ks/s
120 Kb/s
64
120 Ks/s
240 Kb/s
32
240 Ks/s
480 Kb/s
16
480 Ks/s
960 Kb/s
960 Ks/s
1920 Kb/s
Dr. A. Chockalingam
48
Common D/L Physical Channels

Common
Pilot CHannel (CPICH)
30 Kbps fixed rate channel (SF = 256)

Primary CPICH
Always uses the same channelization code

Scrambled by primary scrambling code
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
Provides a phase reference for several D/L channels
Secondary CPICH
Uses an arbitrary channelization code of SF=256

Scrambled either by the primary or a secondary scrambling code
A cell may contain 0,1, or several S-CPICH
Broadcast over entire OR part of a cell
A S-CPICH can be a phase reference to some D/L channels
(which is communicated to the UE thru higher layer signaling)
Dr. A. Chockalingam
49

Common
Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH)
Primary CCPCH (P-CCPCH)
30 Kbps fixed rate channel with SF=256

Carries BCH transport channel
No TPC, TFCI, pilot bits are sent
the transport channel mapped to P-CCPCH (I.e., BCH) can
only have a fixed predefined TFC
Secondary CCPCH (S-CCPCH)
Carries FACH and PCH

S-CCPCH can be with TFCI and without TFCI
NW decides if TFCI has to be sent
So UE should be (mandatory) capable of receiving with or
without TFCI (i.e., blind)
S-CCPCH can support multiple TFCs using TFCI
Main difference between CCPCHs and Dedicated Physical
Channels : a CCPCH is NOT inner loop Power Controlled
Dr. A. Chockalingam
50

Synchronization
CHannel (SCH)
Downlink signal used for cell search

Consists of Primary and Secondary subchannels
Primary SCH
Uses Primary Sychronization Code (PSC), TX
once every slot
PSC is the same for every cell in the system
Secondary SCH
Tx in parallel with Primary SCH
SSC indicates which of the code groups (64
groups) the cells DL scrambling code belongs to
Dr. A. Chockalingam
51
D/L Spreading
I
DL Physical
Serial to
Channel data
Parallel
Conv.
I+jQ
Cd,SF,m
Sdl,n
Q
j
Channelisation code: - Differentiate users in a cell

- OVSF
- UTRAN assigns channelisation codes to diff. phy. chls
Scrambling Code: Differentiate cells
Dr. A. Chockalingam
52
Scrambling Codes
# possible D/L scrambling codes = 2**18 -1 = 262143
Scrambling codes divided into 512 sets

1 primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes
So, there are 512 x 16 = 8192 codes
Each cell is allocated one and only primary scrambling code

The primary CCPCH (Common Control Physical CHannel) is Tx
always using this primary scrambling code
Other D/L physical channels can be Tx with either the PSC or SSC
from the set associated with the PSC of the cell
Dr. A. Chockalingam
53
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (D/L)

TrCH-1
CRC Attachment
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
TrBk Concatenation/
Channel Coding
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Rate Matching
1st Insertion of DTX Indication
1st Insertion of DTX Indication
1st Interleaving
1st Interleaving
TrCH-2
TrCH Multiplexing
2nd Insertion of DTX Indication
CCTrCH
Physical Channel Segmentation
2nd interleaving
Dr. A. Chockalingam
PhCH#1
PhCH#2
54

on U/L: PhCHs are either completely filled or not
used at all
on D/L: No bits in locations with DTX indication
in compressed mode, no bits are mapped to certain slots
in a PhCH. Reducing the SF by a factor of 2, 7.5 slots per
frame is used in compressed mode
Dr. A. Chockalingam
55
Insertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

Indication Bits
only on the D/L
used to fill up the radio frame with bits
insertion point depends on whether fixed positions (1st
Insertion) or flexible positions (2nd Insertion) of the
TrCHs in the radio frame are used
During connection setup, NW decides if fixed or flexible
position is used for each CCTrCH
DTX Indication bits are not transmitted; they only tell
when the Tx must be turned off
Dr. A. Chockalingam
56
WCDMA Physical Channels
UE
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCH
PCPCH
PRACH
BS
AICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
CSICH
CPICH
PICH
CD/CA-ICH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
57
Channel Mapping on the U/L
Logical
Channels
CCCH
DTCH
DCCH
Transport
Channels
RACH
DCH
CPCH
Physical
Channels
PRACH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
DPDCH
DPCCH
PCPCH
58
Channel Mapping on the D/L
Logical
Channels
BCCH
PCCH
CTCH
CCCH
DCCH
Transport
Channels
BCH
PCH
FACH
DCH
DSCH
Physical
Channels
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam
DTCH
59

WCDMA Physical Layer Design: A. Chockalingam

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WCDMA Physical Layer Design: A. Chockalingam

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WCDMA Physical Layer Design

Physical / Transport / Logical Channels

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

IMT2000: ITUs Standardization Effort towards 3G

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

(Protocols between UE and Access NW)

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

WCDMA System Features

UTRA FDD mode and TDD mode

UTRA FDD features

15 slots per 10 msec frame

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

UTRA FDD Features

Rate 1/2, 1/3 convolutional code

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

Radio Interface Protocol Model

U-Plane Radio Bearers (Radio Network Layer)

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

WCDMA Radio Channels

describes the way information is transferred over the radio interface

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

to a specific carrier frequency,

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

U/L Physical Channels

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

Dedicated U/L Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH)

DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel

Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

U/L Frame Structure

There is only one U/L DPCCH on each radio link

10 msec frames divided into 15 slots

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 msec

1 time slot = 2/3 msec

TFCI FBI TPC

10 bits = 2560 chips => SF = 256

I, Q Spreading for DPDCH, DPCCH

WCDMA Transmission Rates (U/L)

System Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps

Symbol Rates on Uplink

Chl Bit Rate

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

WCDMA Channelisation Codes

Used for channel separation both in U/L and D/L

Can have different spreading factor values (thus

Cch,SF,k : SF - Spreading Factor, k is the code number

Spreading factor value indicates how many bits of

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

U/L Channelization Codes

Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore

U/L Scrambling Codes

complex valued scrambling code

scrambling sequences (2^24)

Gold sequences (linear combination of two m-sequences)

scrambling sequences (2^24)

from a family sequence of periodically extended S(2)

or short sequences for DPCCH / DPDCH

long sequences for message parts of PRACH

Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore