Lecture 34 - Elastic Flexural

Analysis for Serviceability

November 20, 2001
CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Serviceability
Crack width
Moments of inertia

Introduction
Recall:
Ultimate Limit States

Lead to collapse

Serviceability Limit States

Disrupt use of Structures

but do not cause collapse

Introduction
Types of Serviceability Limit States
- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue (ULS)

Crack Width Control

Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..

Crack Width Control

Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..

Crack Width Control

Bar crack development.

Crack Width Control

Temperature crack development

Crack Width Control

Reasons for crack width control?
Appearance

(smooth surface > 0.01 to 0.013

public concern)

Leakage
Corrosion

(Liquid-retaining structures)
(cracks can speed up occurrence of
corrosion)

Crack Width Control

Corrosion more apt to occur if (steel oxidizes

rust )

Chlorides ( other corrosive substances) present

Relative Humidity > 60 %
High Ambient Temperatures (accelerates
chemical reactions)
Wetting and drying cycles

Stray electrical currents occur in the bars.

Limits on Crack Width

ACI Codes Basis
max.. crack width = 0.016 in.

for interior exposure

0.013 in.

for exterior exposure

Cracking controlled in ACI code by regulating the

distribution of reinforcement in beams/slabs.

Limits on Crack Width

Gergely-Lutz Equation

= 0.076fs 3 dc A
= Crack width in units of 0.001 in.
= Distance from NA to bottom
(tension) fiber, divided by
distance to reinforcement.
=(h-c)/(d-c)
fs = Service load stress in
reinforcement in ksi

Limits on Crack Width

Gergely-Lutz Equation

= 0.076fs 3 dc A
dc = Distance from extreme tension
fiber to center of reinforcement
located closest to it, (in.)
A = effective tension area of
concrete surrounding tension
bars (w/ same centroid)
divided by # bars. (for 1 layer
of bars A = (2dc b)/n

Limits on Crack Width

ACI Code Eqn 10-5 ( limits magnitude of z term )

z = f s 3 dc A

Note: = 0.076 z
( =1.2 for beams)

Interior exposure: critical crack width = 0.016 in.

( = 16 ) z = 175k/in
Exterior exposure: critical crack width = 0.013 in.
( = 13 ) z = 145k/in

Limits on Crack Width

Tolerable Crack Widths
Tolerable
Crack Width

Exposure Condition
Dry air or protective membrane
Humidity, moist air, soil
Deicing chemicals
Seawater and seawater spray

0.016 in.

0.004 in.

0.012 in.
0.007 in.
0.006 in.

wetting and drying

Water-retaining structures
(excluding nonpressure pipes)

Limits on Crack Width

Thin one-way slabs: Use =1.35

z = 155 k/in (Interior Exposure)

z = 130 k/in (Exterior Exposure)

fs = service load stress may be taken as

f s = 0.60 f y

fy
1.55

0.90

1.55 average load factor

- strength reduction
.
factor for flexure

Example-Crack
Given: A beam with bw= 14 in. Gr 60 steel 4 #8
with 2 #6 in the second layer with a #4 stirrup.
Determine the crack width limit, z for exterior
and interior limits (145 k/in and 175 k/in.).

Example-Crack
Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.
As = 4 #8 bars 2 # 6 bars

= 4 0.79 in 2 ) 2 0.44 in 2 )
= 4.04 in 2

Example-Crack
The locations of the center of the bars are
db
y1 = cover d stirrup
2
1.0 in.
= 1.5 in. 0.5 in.
2
= 2.5 in.
db
d b2
y2 = 2.5 in. d b
2
2
1.0 in.
0.75 in.
= 2.5 in.
1.0 in.
2
2
= 4.375 in.

Example-Crack
Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.
yA

y=
A
i

2
2
2.5
in.
4
0.79
in

4.375
in.
2
0.44
in

)
)
)
)

= 2.91 in.

4.04 in 2

Example-Crack
Compute number of equivalent bars, n. Use the
largest bar.

n=

Ai
Abar

4.04 in 2
=
= 5.11
2
0.79 in

Compute the effective tension area

2 yb 2 2.91 in.)14 in.)

A=
=
= 15.93 in 2
n
5.11

Example-Crack
The effective service load stress is

fs = 0.60 f y = 0.6 60 ksi ) = 36 ksi

Compute the effective tension area

z = f s 3 d c A = 36 ksi ) 3 2.5 in.) 15.93 in 2 )

= 122.9 k/in.

Example-Crack
The limits magnitude of z term.

122.9 k/in. < 145 k/in. - Interior exposure

122.9 k/in. < 175 k/in. - Exterior exposure

Crack width is

w = 0.076 z
= 0.076 1.2 )122.9 )
= 11.2

or = 0.0112 in.

Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection

(1.)

Visual Appearance
1

* l are generally visible

250
( 25 ft. span 1.2 in. )

(2.)

Damage to Non-structural Elements

- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows

Deflection Control
(3.)

Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs

(4.)

Damage to Structural Elements

- large s than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members
modify
load paths)

Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless s are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection

Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)

LLinst )

l
180

Allowable Deflections
Floors ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported )

LLinst )

l
180

Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural elements
likely damaged by large s)

l
480

Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements ( supported nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged by large
s )

l
240

Allowable Deflections

Deflection occurring after attachment of

nonstructural elements

allow

Need to consider the specific structures

function and characteristics.

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

For
Brandon
derived

I cr I e I gt
M

cr
Ie =

Ma

(intermediate values of EI)

a

M cr

* I gt 1 * I cr


M a

Mcr = Cracking Moment =

fr Ig

Igt

yt
= Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section

fr

= Modulus of rupture = 7.5 f c

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

M
I e = cr

Ma

M cr

* I gt 1 * I cr


M a

yt = Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber

Ma = maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which Ie ( ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Ig = Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

M

M cr

cr
Ie =
*
I

1
g

Ma
M a
3

or
M

cr
I e = I cr I g - I cr )

Ma

*I
cr

Moment Vs curvature plot

M
EI

slope =

= EI

Moment Vs Slope Plot

The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases

Moment of Inertia
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3

Ec = c1.5 33 f c

psi)

For normal weight concrete

Ec = 57000 f c
(ACI 8.5.1)

psi)

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous
deflection under service
load
C - long time deflection
under service load

D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends & Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases
as cracking progresses
midspan

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

M = wl

12

wl
M =

24

wl
M =

12

The maximum moments for distributed load acting

on an indeterminate beam are given.

Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4

I e avg) = 0.50 I e m id) 0.25 I e1 I e2 )

2 ends continous :

Weight Average I eavg) = 0.70I emid) 0.15I e1 I e2 )

1 end continous :

I e avg) = 0.85I emid) 0.15I e1 )

I e m id) = I e@ midspan

ACI Com. 435

I e1 = I e@ end 1
I e2 = I e@ end 2

Uncracked Transformed Section

Part
Concrete
As
As

(n) =Ej /Ei

1
n
n

Area
bw*h
As
As

y *n A

y=
n A
i

*
i

*
i

n*Area
bw*h
(n-1)As
(n-1)As
n* A

yi
0.5*h
d
d

yi*(n)A
0.5*bw*h2
(n-1)*As*d
(n-1)*As*d
yi * n * Ai

Note: (n-1) is to remove area

of concrete

Cracked Transformed Section

Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
y
y

2
by
nAs d
by nAs y = by nAs d

yi Ai

2
y=
=

by nAs
Ai
b 2
y nAs y - nAs d = 0

2
Solve for the quadratic for y
2nAs
2nAs d
2
y
y=0
b
b

Cracked Transformed Section

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

y
2

2nAs

y-

2nAs d

=0

b
b
1 3
2
I cr = by nAs d - y )
3
Note:

n=

Es
Ec

Cracked Transformed Section

Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
y
2

2n - 1)As 2nAs
b

y-

2n - 1)As 2nAs d

=0

2
2

I cr = by n - 1)As y - d ) nAs d - y )
3

Note:

n=

Es
Ec

Uncracked Transformed Section

Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
2

h
I gt = bh bh y -

12
2

concrete

n - 1)As y - d ) n - 1)As y - d )

steel

Note:

Ig =

1
12

bh

Cracked Transformed Section

Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section

y
2

2t be - bw ) 2n - 1)As 2nAs

bw

be - bw ) t 2 2n - 1)As 2nAs d
bw

=0

Cracked Transformed Section

Finding the moment of inertia for
a doubly reinforced T-Section

1
t
3

I cr = be y bet y bw y - t )

12
2
3

beam

flange

n - 1)As y - d ) nAs d - y )

steel

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,
d = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are fc = 4 ksi and fy= 60 ksi.
Determine Igt, Icr , Mcr(+), Mcr(-), and compare to the NA of
the beam.

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The components of the beam
As = 2 0.6 in 2 ) = 1.2 in 2
As = 4 0.6 in 2 ) = 2.4 in 2
1k
Ec = 57000 f c = 57000 4000

1000
lb

= 3605 ksi

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the n value and the centroid, I uncracked
Es 29000 ksi
n=
=
= 8.04
Ec
3605 ksi
n

area (in2) n*area (in2)

y i (in)

y i *n*area (in2)

I (in4)

d (in)

d2*n*area(in4)

A's

7.04

1.2

8.448

2.5

21.12

-9.756

804.10

As

7.04

2.4

16.896

21.5

363.26

9.244

1443.75

Ac

288

288

12

3456.00

13824

-0.256

18.89

3840.38

13824

313.344

2266.74

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid and I uncracked

yi ni Ai

3840.38 in 3
y=
=
= 12.26 in.
2
ni Ai 313.34 in

I = I i di2 ni Ai =13824 in 4 2266.7 in 4

= 16090.7 in 4

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid and I for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
2n - 1)As 2nAs
2n - 1)As 2nAs d
2
y
y=0
b
b
y2
-

2 7.04 ) 1.2 in 2 ) 2 8.04 ) 2.4 in 2 )

2 7.04 ) 1.2 in 2 )

12 in.
2 8.04 ) 2.4 in 2 ) 21.5 in.)

12 in.
y 2 4.624 y - 72.664 = 0

=0

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid for a cracked doubly reinforced
beam.
y 2 4.624 y - 72.664 = 0

y=

-4.624

= 6.52 in.

4.624 )
2

4 72.664 )

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the moment of inertia for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
1 3
2
2
I cr = by n - 1)As y - d ) nAs d - y )
3
1
3
I cr = 12 in.) 6.52 in.)
3

7.04 ) 1.2 in

) 6.52 in. - 2.5 in.)

8.04 ) 2.4 in ) 21.5 in. - 6.52 in.)
2

= 5575.22 in 4

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The critical ratio of moment of inertia
4

I cr 5575.22 in
=
= 0.346
4
I g 16090.7 in
I cr 0.35I g

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Find the components of the beam
Cc = 0.85 f cba = 0.85 4 ksi )12 in.) 0.85 ) c = 34.68c
c - 2.5 in.
0.0075

s =
0.003) = 0.003 c
c

0.0075
217.5

fs = Es s = 29000 0.003 = 87 c
c

217.5
2
Cs = As fs - 0.85 f c ) = 1.2 in ) 87
c

261
= 100.32 c

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Find the components of the beam
T = 2.4 in 2 ) 60 ksi ) = 144 k
T = Cc Cs
261
144 k = 34.68c 100.32 34.68c 2 - 43.68c - 261 = 0
c
The neutral axis
c=

43.68

= 3.44 in.

43.68) 4 261) 34.68 )

2 34.68 )
2

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The strain of the steel
3.44 in. - 2.5 in.

s =
0.003) = 0.0008 0.00207
3.44 in.

21.5 in. - 3.44 in.

s =
0.003) = 0.0158 0.00207
3.44 in.

Note: At service loads, beams are assumed to act

elastically.

c = 3.44 in.
y = 6.52 in.

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Using a linearly varying and s = E along the NA is the
centroid of the area for an elastic center

My
s =I
The maximum tension stress in tension is
f r = 7.5 f c = 7.5 4000
= 474.3 psi 0.4743 ksi

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The uncracked moments for the beam

My
sI
s=
M =
I
y
M cr )
M cr - )

fr I
=
=
y
fr I
=
=
y

0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in 4 )

24 in. - 12.26 in.)

0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in 4 )

12.26 in.

= 650.2 k-in.
= 622.6 k-in.

Homework-12/2/02
Problem 8.7