Part 1

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering:

Historical perspective and modern materials needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle,
materials selection criteria and illustration, contribution of materials science and engineering in
development of technology.

Why study materials sci. and eng.?

Range of materials associated with their characteristics

and application
Product development: materials selection and
manufacturing process design
Failure and degradation of components
Cost consideration in businesses and industry

Why study materials sci. and eng.?

Structure of Materials
Structural
feature

Typical
scale (m)

Nuclear structure
Structure of atom
Crystal or glass structure
Structures of solutions and compounds
Structure of grain and phase boundaries
Shape of grains and phases
Agregates of grains
Engineering structures

10-15
10-10
10-9
10-9
10-8
10-7 to 10-3
10-5 to 10-2
10-3 to 103

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The structure of a metal is defined by:

1. The constitution:
composition of the elements
number of phases, and
composition of each phase
2. The geometric feature:
shape of each phase
sizes and spacing of the phases

Schematic picture of grain and

phase structures in metallic alloys

Understanding Materials Science and Engineering

Performance

Societal need
and experience
Empirical
knowledge

Properties
Synthesis /
processing

Scientific
knowledge
Basic science
and understanding

Structure /
composition

Case in materials selection

Voyager aircraft made from
graphite epoxy resin matrix

Broken ship made

from brittle steels

Density

Glass reinforced nylon

(ZYTEL) air intake manifold
for GM V-6 engines

Resistance to fracture toughness

HISTORY OF MATERIALS

Development of Engineering Materials

(after Ashby 1992)
10 000 BC 5000 BC
Gold

1000

1500

1800

1900

1940

1960

1980

1990

2000 2010

2020

Copper
Bronze
Iron

METALS
Cast Iron

Glassy Metal
Al - Lithium Alloys
Dual Phase Steels
Micro Alloyed Steels
New Super Alloys

Steels

POLYMERS,
ELASTOMERS

Wood
Skin
Fibers

Alloy Steels

Glues

Light Alloys

COMPOSITES
Straw-brick

Rubber

paper

Stone

Super Alloys

Nylon

Pottery
Glass

PE

Cement
Refractories

10 000 BC 5000 BC DATE

0
1000
(Year) 1500

High Temperature
Polymers
Alloys
High Modulus
Polymers
Polyesters
Exposies
PMA Arcrylics
PC PS PP
Titanic
Zirconium
Etc

Bakelite
Flint

CERAMICS

Development Slow
Mostly Quality
Control and Processing

Portland Cement
Fused
Cerments
Silica

1800

1900

1940

Tough Engineering
Pyroceramics (Al2O3,Si4,etc)
Ceramics

1960

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Example:
Development of Materials for Structural Application

Strength/density (in x 106)

Chronological advances
in strength-to-density ratio of materials
10

Aramid fibers,
carbon fibers

Composites

6
4

Ti alloy
2

Wood,
stone Bronze

Cast
iron

Iron &
steel

Al alloy

Year

1800

1900

2000

The Materials Cycle

Bulk Materials
Raw
Materials
Ore Coal
Sand Wood Oil
Rock Plants
Mine
Drill
Harvest

Oil

Extract
Refine
Process

Ground of Mineral
and Agricultural
Sciences and
Engineering

Metals
Chemicals Paper
Cement Fibers

Engineering
Materials
Process
*Crystals
*Alloys * Ceramics
*Plastics *Concrete
*Textiles

Ground of Materials
Science and
Engineering

Recycle

Wood

Ore

The Earth
Start

Dispose

Waste
Junk

Performance
Service
Use

Design
Manufacture
Assembly

Modern Materials Needs

Global Issues:
1. Discovery of new aaditional reserves: depletion of non-renewable
resources (oil, metals)
2. New materials with less adverse environmental impact
3. New recycling technology

Materials for nuclear energy: fuels and containment for radioactive disposal.
Materials for transportation: new high strength, low density structural, high
temperature.
Materials for solar cells: economical resources.
Materials for fuel cells: non-poluting, catalysts.

Family of Materials*)
Group

Subgroup

Examples

Group

Sub Group Examples

Metallic
(metals and alloys) Ferrous

Polymers

Ceramics

Composites

Iron, Steel
Cast iron
Nonferrous
Al, Zn, Sn,
Cu, Ni
Powdered metal Sintered steel
Sintered brass
Human-made
Plastic
Elastomers
Adhesives
Paper
Natural
Wood, rubber
Animal
Bone, skin
Crystalline
Porcelain
compound
Structural clay
Abrasives
Glass
Glassware
Annealed glass
Polymer based Plywood
Laminated timber
Impregnated wood
Fiberglass
Graphite epoxy
Plastic laminates

Metallic based

Ceramic based
Cermet

Other
Others
Electronic mat.
(advanced)
Lubricant
Fuels
Protectivecoatings
Biomaterials
Smart materils
*)

Boron aluminium
Primex
Reinforced concrete
CFCC
Tugsten carbide
Chrom. aluminia
Reinforced glass
Semiconductors
Superconductors
Graphite
Coal, oil
Anodised aluminium
Carbon implants
Shape memory alloys
Shape memory polymer

J.A. Jaconbs, TF Kilduff, Eng. Mat. Tech. 2001

Materials Characteristics:
Density

Materials Characteristics:
Stiffnes

Materials Characteristics:
Strength

Materials Characteristics:
Resistance to Fracture

Materials Characteristics

METALS

CERAMICS

POLYMERS

COMPOSITES

SEMICONDUCTORS

BIOMATERIALS

Combinations of metallic elements

Having large number of nonlocalized electrons
Metal properties are attributable to electrons
Good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light
Compounds between metallic and nometallic elements: oxides, nitrides and carbides
Ceramics: clay minerals, cement and glass
Insulative to the passage of electricity and heat
More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers
Hard but brittle
Familiar plastic and rubber materials.
Mainly organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, other nonmetallic elements
Very large molecular structures, low density and may be extremely flexible.
Compose of more than one materials types
Fiberglass is a familiar example.
Designed to display a combination of best characteristics of each the component materials: acquires strength from
glass and flexibility from the polymer
Having electrical properties intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators.
Sensitive to the presence of impurities
Components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased of damaged body parts.
Not produce toxic substances
Compatible with body tissues
Can be metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors.

Materials in development of technology

The Golden Gate Bridge north of San Francisco, California, is one of
the most famous and most beautiful examples of a steel bridge.
(Courtesy of Dr. Michael Meier.)

Materials in development of technology

The 1903 Flyer used conventional materials in
innovative ways. (Library of Congress Digital
Images)

James A. Jacobs and Thomas F. Kilduff

Engineering Materials Technology: Structures, Processing, Properties, and
Selection, 5e

Concept design of future spacecraft involving application

of nanotechnology. (NASA Ames Research Center)

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Materials in development of technology

Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in
modern high-performance tires. In this case, the
durability of sidewall reinforcement is tested along
concrete ridges at a proving ground track. (Courtesy of
the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.)

Example of a fiberglass composite

composed of microscopic-scale
reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer
matrix. (Courtesy of Owens-Corning
Fiberglas Corporation.)

Materials in development of technology

(a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex array of
semiconducting regions. (Photograph courtesy of Intel
Corporation) (b) A microscopic cross section of a
single circuit element in (a). The dark rectangular
shape in the middle of the micrograph is a metal
component less than 50 nm wide. (Micrograph
courtesy of Intel Corporation)

The modern integrated circuit fabrication

laboratory represents the state of the art
in materials processing. (Courtesy of the
College of Engineering, University of
California, Davis.)

Motivation for materials selection and its criteria

Motivation
1.

The introduction of a new product which consequently followed by

the requirement of suitable materials

2.

A desire of the improvement of an existing product

3.

A problem situation
(such as: service or manufacturing failure, customer rejection)

Selection criteria
1. Define the application: what the material has to do when it is in service
2. Properties required: what the material should present its properties
when it is in service
3. Availability: whether the materials already commercially produced, or not.
4. Manufacturing method: the possibility to be industrially produced, and
5. Cost consideration

EXERCISE:
Find out the requirements of materials to be used for
drink container and comes up with a choice of suitable
materials for this purpose