“THE DATABASE AND

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM”
Mossawir Ahmed
BB-1666
DATA MANAGEMENT
Data management is the development and execution of architectures, policies,
practices and procedures in order to manage the information lifecycle needs of
an enterprise in an effective manner.
DATA MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
The data management activities include

• DATA COLLECTION
• INTEGRITY & VERIFICATION
• STORAGE
• MAINTENANCE
• SECURITY
• ORGANIZATION
• RETRIEVAL
SECONDARY STORAGE
All Computers include some type of secondary storage to supplement the primary storage
that is housed in the CPU. The two main types of secondary storage are sequential and
direct access.

SEQUENTIAL STORAGE
Sequential storage is an organization or arrangement of data
on a storage medium that consists of one record following
another in a particular order

 MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE

A device for storing information, in which signals are recorded by lining up small bits of
magnetic materials in the coating on the tape.

 MAGNETIC TAPE RECORD

A mechanical device for recording on magnetic tape and usually for playing back the
recorded material
DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE
A type of storage device, such as a magnetic disk, in which bits of data are stored at precise
locations, enabling the computer to retrieve information directly without having to scan a
series of records

 MAGNETIC DISK STORAGE

The disks that are used to record computer data are usually made of metal and are covered with
the same recording material that is used on magnetic tape.

 READING & WRITING DISK DATA

When data is to be read from or written to a disk, it is first necessary to position the access
mechanism on the proper track and then activate the proper read/write head.

 RECORD ADDRESSING

There are three basic approaches to producing the address that the DASD requires to access a
record. The approaches are direct addressing,
addressing hashing,
hashing and indexed sequential
Umair Ahmed
BB-1629
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SECONDARY
STORAGE PROCESSING
There are two principal ways to process data batch processing and online processing. Batch
Processing involves holding transactions and processing them all at once, in batches.
Online processing involves processing the transaction individually, often at the time they occur,
because online processing is transaction processing oriented, the term transaction processing is
often used.
 BATCH PROCESSING
Batch processing is execution of a series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without manual
intervention.
 ONLINE PROCESSING

Online transaction processing, or OLTP, refers to a class of systems that facilitate and
manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and retrieval transaction
processing.

ONLINE PROCESSING
THE DATABASE CONCEPT
A database is an integrated collection of logically related records or files consolidated into a
common pool that provides data for one or more multiple uses. This logical integration of records
in multiple files is called the database concept.
Two primary goals of the database concept are tominimize data redundancy and to achieve
data independence.
 DATA REDUNDANCY

Writing data to two or more locations for backup and data recovery. For example, data can be
stored on two or more disks or disk and tape or disk and the Internet.
 DATA INDEPENDENCE

Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized DBMS.
It refers to the immunity of user applications to make changes in the definition and
organization of data.
S.M.WAQAR
BB-1740
A MODEL OF A DBMS
A model that shows the major DBMS elements is pictured. The elements include a data
description language processor, a performance statistics processor, a backup/ recovery module,
and a database manager.
 DATA DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE PROCESS
The data description language processor transforms the data dictionary into the database schema.
This is the DDL described earlier. All DBMSs have a DDL.

 PERFORMANCE STATISTICS PROCESSOR

The performance statistics processor maintains statistics that identify what data is being used,
who is using it, when it is being used, and so forth. The statistics are used in managing the
database. Microcomputer-based DBMSs typically do not include elements.

 BACKUP/RECOVERY MODEL
Periodically, such as daily, a backup copy of the database is made, As subsequent transactions
are processed against the master files, a transaction log keeps a record of all changes.

 DATABASE MANAGER

The database manager is the most important element insofar as it handles the user’s data requests.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
An information specialist who has responsibility for the database is called a database
administrator (DBA). The duties of the DBA fall into four major areas: planning,
implementation,operation, and security.
DATABASE PLANNING
Database planning involves working with managers to define the firm’s schema, and with users
to define their subschemas

DATABSE IMPLEMENTATION
Database implementations consist of creating the database to conform to the specifications of the
selected DBMS, as well as establishing and enforcing policies and procedures for database use

DATABASE OPERATION
Database operation includes offering educational programs to database users and providing
assistance when needed.

DATABASE SECURITY
Database security is the system, processes, and procedures that protect a database from
unintended activity
NIDA SARWAR
BB-1614
 PUTTING THE DATABASE AND DBMS IN
PRESPECTIVE
The DBMS makes it possible to create a database in the computer’s direct access strong,
maintain its contents, and make the contents available to users without costly custom
programming.When firms or individual users decide whether to use a DBMS, they must weight
the advantage and the disadvantage.
 DBMS ADVANTAGES
he DBMS enables both firms and individual users to:

REDUCE DATA REDUNDANCY

he total number of files is reduced by deleting duplicate files. There is also a minimum of
ommon data among files.

INTEGRATE DATA FROM MULTIPLE FILES

When the files are constructed so as to provide logical linkages, the physical organization no
onger is a constraint.

IMPROVE SECURITY
oth mainframe computer and microcomputer DBMSs can include multiple levels of security
recautions such as passwords, user directories, and encryption
 DBMS DISADANTAGES

1. OBTAIN EXPENSIVE SOFTWARE

The mainframe DBMSs remain very expensive. The microcomputer-based DBMSs, while
osting only a few hundred dollars, can represent a substantial outlay for a small Organization.

2. OBTAIN LARGE HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

The DBMSs often require large primary and secondary storage capacities than are required
by the application program.

3. HIRE & MAINTAIN A DBA STAFF

The DBMS requires specialized knowledge in order to make full use of its capabilities. This
pecialized knowledge is best provided by DBAs.
THANK YOU