ENVIRONME

NT
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED
TO :Er.Erra
sharma

SUBMITTED
BY :Manpreet
singh
Ar/10/624

Q.(1):-WHAT IS THE MEANT BY WASTELAND

RECLAMATION?
DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE METHODOLOGY ?

Ans:
Reclaiming lands that have been laid waste in an extraction
-

or industrial process is "wasteland reclamation." Stripmining coal produces wastelands. Using chemicals in an
industrial process, then dumping the used chemicals either
on the land or into a stream creates wastelands. Or
releasing chemicals into the air in an industrial process can
create waste lands. Sometimes, just running an industrial
process, particularly when there is no regulation of its
wastes, can create wastelands. And finally, nuclear
accidents can create wastelands.
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION:
Just we have studied that wasteland is degraded land .The
four main reasons of land degradation are (a) over
cultivation (b) deforestation (c) overgrazing and (d) improper
irrigation. Let us discuss in some details.
a)
Over cultivation- The proportion of landless
and marginal farmers in India is high. Because of scarcity of
land, farming of ecologically vulnerable areas is taken up
resulting in erosion and associated land degradation
problems.
b)
Deforestation Tree are among the most
effective preservers of land; however, at present, trees are
being cut for various reasons. Let us briefly discuss those.
Fuel wood: Deforestation for fire wood is estimated at
around 5000 hectares annually; the actual figure in fact,
could be much higher. In most part of the country there is no
cheaper alternative of fire wood. Relative costs of fire wood
and its substitute have not been worked out for all the
regions, for the simple reason that fire wood is free, just
collected from the forests, orchards, canal side plantations
or trees along roads and railways. According to planning
commission if all the current and projected planting plans
are implemented it can only produce about 49 million ton

c) Over grazing- Over grazing is as destructive as

deforestation but its effects are not immediately noticeable.
According to an FAO estimate, one buffalo eats seven tones of
leaves (by fresh weight) per year, and a cow two and a half
tones all these leafy material coming from forests adjoining
the villages. Thus uncontrolled grazing has contributed to
destruction of forests and grasslands thereby exposing the soil
to wind and water erosion and consequent land degradation
d) Improper Irrigation- The farmer is totally oblivious of the
cost that improper irrigation, viz, over use of water and non
provision of adequate drainage, imposes on others. In most
cases , especially in large plains, the water table, and capillary
arising from the higher ground water level increases
accumulation of salts both in ground water and the soil near
the surface thus subsequently lowering soil productivity, and in
extreme cases, making it unfit for crop production.

TYPES OF
1. Gullies and/or ravines
WASTELANDS:

2. Upland with or without

scrub 3. Waterlogged and marshy land 4. Land affected
by salinity /alkalinity in coastal and inland areas 5. Land
under shifting cultivation 6. Under utilized / degraded
notified forest land 7. Degraded pasture / grazing land 8.
Degraded land under plantation crops 9. Shifting sandsinland /coastal 10. Mining / industrial wastelands 11.
Barren rocky / stony waste/ sheet rock areas 12. Steep
sloping area 13. Snow covered and/ or glacial area.

Possible methodology of wasteland

1. Afforestation:
reclamation

It means growing the forest over culturable wasteland.

2. Reforestation:
Growing the forest again over the lands where they were existing
and was destroyed due to fires, overgrazing, and excessive
cutting. Reforestation checks water logging, floods, soil erosion
and increase productivity of land.

3. Providing surface cover:

The easiest way to protect the land surface from soil erosion is
of leave crop residue on the land after harvesting.
4. Mulching:
Here also protective cover of organic matter and plants like
stalks, cotton stalks, tobacco stalks etc. are used which reduce
evaporation, help in retaining soil moisture and reduce soil
erosion.
5. Changing Ground Topography on Downhills:
Running water erodes the hill soil and carries the soil along with
it. This can be minimized by following alternation in ground
topography:
(a) Strip farming:

Different kinds of crops are planted in alternate strip along the

contour.
(b) Terracing:
In this arrangement, the earth is shaped in the form of
levelled terraces to hold soil and water. The terrace edges are
planted with such plant species which anchor the soil.
(c) Contour ploughing:
In this arrangement, the ploughing of land is done across the
hill and not in up and down style.
6. Leaching:
In salt affected land, the salinity can be minimized by leaching
them with more water.
7. Changing agricultural practices:
Like mixed cropping, crop rotation and cropping of plants are
adopted to improve soil fertility.
8. Ecological Succession:
This refers to the natural development or redevelopment of an
ecosystem which help in reclaiming the minerally deficient soil
of wasteland.

Q.(2):-How do classify the factory responsible for relocation of

people ?
Explain the problem and concern about the resettlement
and
Ans:- 1.The factory responsible fro relocation of people . Major
rehabilitations of people ?
projects such as dams , mines , expressways , large
industrial units , thermal plants , soil refineries etc disrupts
the lives of the people who live there and may also require
moving them to an alternative site . Although , the society
is benefited from these industries or projects , but this
displacement of nature people give rise to serve economic
, social , and environmental problems following are the
main problems faced by the displaced people. .
2.Displacement of native people causes economic and
psychological distress.
3.Loss of productive assets and income sources. It
deprives the of
forest products like vegetable, fruits, fodder, fuel , wood ,
tubes and roots.
4.It deprives them of drinking and irrigation water from
natural springs and streams.
5.Relocation of people to environment where the
competition for resources are greater.
6.They lose there aesthetic rights to the forests ecosystem
and network of recreation and enjoyment.

7.Weakening of community structures and social network.

8.Tribal people are conditioned to hilly or forest
environment . It becomes difficult for them to settle in
plains and open environment.

OBJECTTIVES OF RESETTLEMENT AND

REHABILITATION POLICY
The objectives of resettlement and
rehabilitation policy is to ensre that the
people displaced due to projects recieve
the benefits from it . The main objectives
which are being implemented by the states
of india are as follows To maintain the standard of living of the
project affected families(PAPs) which they
were enjoying prior to the displacement.
To relocate the affected families in
accordance with there preference.
To be fully integrated in the community in
which they are rehabilitated .
To provide appropriate compenation and
adquate social and physical rehabilitation
infrastructure including community services
and facilities.
resettlement not only puts pressure on
the projects affected people but also on the
people that has been selected for

Q.(3):-WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT 1986 AND

DISCUS IT
Ans:- IN DETAIL.

Environment protection act came into force on 19

november 1986. it extended to the whole of india
environment (protection) act , 1986 (EPM) is the
most comprehensive act in indian status book
related to environmental protection.
DEFINATIONS- 1.environment includes water , air and
land and the inter relationship which exists among
these , between water , air and land and human
beings , other living creatures , plants , micro
organisms and properly
2. environmental pollutant means only solid , liquid or
gaseous substance present in such concentration as
may be or tend to be , injurious to environment.
3. environmental pollution meand the presence in the
environment of any environment of any
environmental pollutant .
4. handling in relation to any substance , means the
manufacture , processing , treatment, package ,
storage , transportation , use , collection ,
destruction, offering for soil transfer or the like of
such substance .
6. occupies in relation to any factory or premises , mean a
5.
prescribed
means
by rules
under
person
who has to
controlprescribed
over the affairs
of themade
factory
or
this
act
.
the premises and includes in relation to any substance , the
person in possession o the substance .
OBJECTIVES 1. to implement the decision made at the un
conference on the human environment held at stockhalm in
june 1986.

2. To enact general law on environmental protection which

could cover the uncovered cap in area of major
environmental hazard as the existing laws generally focused
on specific type of pollution.
3. To co-ordinate the activities of the various regulatory
agencies under the existing laws and creation of an authority
for environmental protection.
4. To implement strict punishment to those who endanger
human environment safety and health.

POWER OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO TAKE

MEASURES TO PROTECT AND IMPROVE
ENVIRONMENT
Central government perform many other functions
given below
1. co-ordination of action by the state government
offices and other authorities under this act.
2. Planning and executive of nations wide program
for the prevention , control and abatement of
environmental pollution.
3. Laying down standards for the emission or
discharge of environment pollutants .
4. A restriction of areas in which any industry
operations or process shall be carried out.

5. Examination og manufacturing processes , material and

substances which are likely to cause environmental pollution
.
6. Carring out and sponsoring investigations and research
relating to the problem of environmental pollution.
7. Establishment of environmental laboratories .

The central government or any offices empowered by it , on its

behalf , has the power to take , for the purpose of analysis ,
sample of air, water ,soil and other substances. The sample can
be taken in prescribed manner from any 1.factory 2. premises
3. others.
Q.(4):- WHAT IS THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS? WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE IN ACHIEVIN THE
GOALS OF EQUALITY , JUSTICE AND SUSTAINABILITY.
Ans:- The universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) is the
declaration of united nation general assembly on 10
december 1948 at the Pallias de Chaillot, Paris . The
declaration arose directly from the experience of second
world war and represented the first global expression of
right to which all human beings are inheretly entitled .
The UDHR defined specific , civil , social , political and
cultural right . It defines the right of life , liberty , security ,
freedom of thought , equality , freedom of expression and
movement .
There are two sets of rights as stated viz.
1. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS This sets includes
among others the right to life , liberty and security of
person , freedom from slavery and servitude , equal
protection of law, the right to be presumed innocent until
proved guilty .
2. ECONOMIC , SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS- this set
includes the right to social security , to work , to rest and
leisure to adequate standard of living , to educate and to
participatev
cultural life
of community
.
For the
developedincountries
, which
have already
attained a
high stage of developmentin material and economic rights
are not important for them civil and political rights are of
same value. But for developing countries which are
struggling for life under conditions of extreme poverty ,
illiteracy and disease , economic and social rights are very
important.

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTCOMMISSION (NHRC)

The NHRC was constituted on 12 oct , 1993 , which was
later enacted as protection of human right act 1993.
The function of this commission are
1. To enquire into on a complaint field by a victim or
any person .
2. To intervene in any proceeding involving any
allegation of violation of human right .
3. To visit , under intimation , to state government ,
any fail or any other institution where persons are
detained .
4. To undertake and promote research in the field of
human right .
5. To spread human right literacy and awareness in
the society.

Q.(5):-.DISCUSS THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

AND THE
HUMAN HEALTH.
Ans:- INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH

Information technology in various field helps to improve

the general health of people to some extent .
Database is the collection of inter related data on
various subjects . It is usually in computerised form .
The comprehensive data includes wildlife database,
conservation data base, forest cover database .
Database is also available for diseases like HIV/AIDS
, malaria etc. Use of information technology has
opened a new field of medical transcription that any
body can consult a doctor of his own choice sitting

Some techniques are also used in information

technology for detecting various diseases . These are

1. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)- this

technique is used for getting information about the
nerve tissues in human body . Computer processing
gives an images which show relationships of bone
structure and nerve soft tissues.
2. COMPUTERISED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CAT)- In
this , computer controls the operation of x-ray
equipment and also evaluates the image processed.
CAT helps the doctors to spend more time on
treatment.
3. MULTI PHASIC HEALTH TRAINING (MPHT)Computer techniques helps in developing a new
drug . It helps in determining the shape of molecule
which shows the behaviour and in checking toxity of
a drug without endangering animal life.
4. PROSTHESES DESIGN AND RECONSTRUCTION
orthopedic surgery needs the creation and
implantation of limbs . By using diagnostic scanning
procedures, technicians can digitise an accurate
picture of the damaged bone and visually compare it
for fit and function . The prosthesis is designed , with
the help of computer aided manufacturers machines
to ensure weather the pressure measurements are
met . Tooth crowns can also be created in a dentists
laboratory.
5. COMPUTER AIDED MONITORING computer
aided monitoring is used in many cases such as

Q.(6):-DESCRIBE THE PROBLEMS FACED BY A CHILD

WORKING AS A BONDED LABOURERS IS ONE OF THE

HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES.
Ans:-1. There are several environmental factors that are

closely linked to the welfare of women and

children.
2. Each year close to 11 million children worldwide are
estimated to have died from the effects of diseases
and inadequate nutrition.
3. Most of these deaths are in the developing
countries . In some countries more than one in five
children die before they are 5 years old
4. Seven out of 10 childhood deaths in the developing
countries can be attributed to 5 main causes, or a
combination . These are the malaria and
malnutrition . Around the world, 3 out of 4 children
suffer from atleast one of these conditions.
5. Most respiratory diseases are caused by one or are
worsened by polluted air living in crowded . Ill
ventilated homes with smoky , open fires can
trigger respiratory conditions , especially in
CHILDREN WELFARES though , child labour has been
children.
bonned
by law but many instance of employment of child
labour go unnoticed children are considered to be assets
of society but unfortunately around 20 million children in
our country are estimated to be working as child labour .
The UN general assembly in 1969 adopted the declaration
of the right of a child. It becomes international law in year
1990. in India , national children board was set up in
december 1914 headed by prime minister.

Following are some of the programmes taken by indian

government for the welfare of children
1. BALWADI NUTRITION PROGRAMME it was started in
1970-71 with an objective to provide full nutritions ,
entertainment facilities and informal schools for providing
early education to children 3-5 years of age .
2. INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICE It is
centrally sponsored scheme launched in 1975 , its objective
*improving nutritional and health status for children
*reducing incidence of morality , morbidity and schools.
Following are the highlights of children welfare
1. All children have the right to have understanding
2. Children should be given free education so that they grow
well on the fronts
3. Children should be provided nutritous food
4. Children should be given free medical care
5. Children should be provided ventilated habitable spaces.
6. Child welfare mandate should be expanded to include
child exposure to environment.
Q.(7):-WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES AND HOW

THEY CAUSE ENHANCED GLOBAL WARMING?

DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING.
Ans:- GLOBAL WARMING global warming is a marked and
extended change in the earths climate for the
warmer .
Global warming is caused by an enhanced green
house effect caused by human activity
Climate change is an extended change in the earths
regular pattern of atmospheric condition and its
fluctuation

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT the green house effect is caused

by the trapping of heat in earths atmosphere . Firstly, the suns
high frequency rays enter to the earths atmosphere in the form
of visible light
The earth absorb these rays and radiates them back into the
atmosphere in infrared radiations or heat . Since, the earths
atmosphere includes certain gases which events in small
amounts can absorb infrared radiations or heat , gases such
as methane , carbon dioxide , cfc, and thus the infrared
radiations is trapped by these gases and cannot escape
earths atmosphere .

ENHANCED GREEN HOUSE EFFECT the green house

effect is caused by human activities which produce
green house effect , gases , carbon dioxide, methane ,
nitrous oxide and florocarbons . Carbon dioxide is the
main green house gas and is produced fossil fuels
burning power plants, heating system, factories and
mode of transportation that burns fossil fuels .
Deforestation , adds to the problem since most forests
are cleared .
Methane is another green house gas produced by human
use of land , including the livestock we use and such
agricultural objects as rice fields, wetlands and
marshes.
Nitrous oxide is produced by the exhaust of car , human
disposal of water and human use of nitrogen-based
fertilize.
Fluorocarbons are gases which are emitted when human
use their refrigerator and their air conditions.
Humans produce 30 billions tons of carbon dioxide
annually , 300-350 million tons of methane and 7-15
millions of nitrous oxide , a drastic increase from even
fifty years ago.