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Relay co-ordination
flow
Network is balanced
Network is unbalanced
a
b
c
c
a
b
100Km
100Km
b
c
a
100Km
a
b
c
300Km
Positive sequence
impedance
Simple model
Complex model
Normal conventional
study
Network
Parameter
Voltage magnitude
and angle
Load flow
Program
Generation
Schedule
Load
Schedule
Network parameters
Fault MVA
Generator Xd, Xd
Vector groups
Motor data
Short Circuit
Study
Fault current
1.
2.
Angular Instability
Voltage Instability
Now a days, most of the grid collapse has been attributed to voltage
instability rather than angular instability, due to insufficient reactive
power supply in the system.
Normally occurs in long radial EHV lines, meeting the radial load,
controlled by OLTC.
Operating point
Nose point or knee point
Voltage
Power
Available margin
Voltage instability program is going to tell how close one is to the proximity of
voltage collapse and what is the margin available.
Normally used by utility systems.
Load flow output is taken as input to this program.
Further tags
1. Unbalance in the system.
Non linear loads, electronic gadgets, thyristor drives, SVC are those loads,
which introduce harmonics.
Generated at load points, which migrate to other parts of the system and get
absorbed at shunts like motors, generators, grid etc.
10
11
50 MVAR
50 MVAR
100 MVAR
50 MVAR
12
b
c
13
Harmonic Analysis
Measurement technique.
By simulation.
14
1Cycle
Used to determine the load growth based on the past 5-10 year load
records.
Multi regression analysis is used
Load forecasting is normally used by utility (electricity boards) and
not by industries.
Demand
recorded
projected
No of years
16
Relay Coordination
Over current relay Co-ordination
Computes the plug setting and Computes the Z1, Z2 & Z3 setting
time multiplier setting
A relay should operate for close in fault and should not operate for any
back-up faults immediately and should operate for back-up faults, if the
primary relay fails to operate, with a discrimination time of about 0.4sec.
0.4sec is arrived based on relay operating time, time to close the relay
contacts and circuit breaker operating time.
For fuse to relay, discrimination time is 0.15sec + fuse operating time, as
no circuit breaker is involved.
time
R2
18
R1
Electrical Transients
Electromechanical transients
1.
2.
3.
Electromagnetic transients
to
RMS values
current.
20
of
voltage
and
21
Transient Stability
Large disturbances like 3 phase fault, single line to ground fault, loss of
generation, loss of load, loss of excitation, delayed fault clearing, loss of
important tie line, motor starting (large), arc furnace initial voltage
dip(open circuit to short circuit), cyclic load variation.
Program is going to determine the voltage response, frequency
response, real and reactive power variation as a function of time.
Steady state stability limit is 900, while the transient stability limit is 1800.
If the angular separation b/w any two machines is more than 1800, the
synchronism is lost.
22
P
Pe= (E*V*Sin)/Xs
Pm
Shaft power
23
Xs
in degrees
3.
H * d = H dw = P - P
m
e
p f dt 2 p f dt
4. As Pe is more, compared to Pm, rotor decelerates, speed comes
down and angle decreases. Hence s is the stable operating point.
5. Due to disturbance, if u has changed to (s+), then, Pe is less
compared to Pm. Hence rotor further advances, taking the machine
out of step. Hence u is the unstable operating point.
6. From 4 & 5, it is concluded that steady state stability limit is 900
angular separation between any two machines.
24
25
c
b
26
c
b
a