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Power Systems Analysis Programs

Computer tools to analyze the steady state and transient behavior


of any electrical system.
Classification
Steady State Analysis Programs

Transient Analysis Programs

Single phase load flow analysis

Transient stability study

Short circuit study

Dynamic stability study

Three phase load flow analysis

Voltage instability study

Harmonic analysis study

Long term load forecasting

Relay co-ordination

Electro magnetic transient analysis


Sub synchronous resonance

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Single phase load


analysis
Loads are balanced

flow

Three phase load flow analysis

Loads are unbalanced

Network is balanced

Network is unbalanced

Lines are transposed

Lines are not transposed

a
b
c

c
a
b
100Km

100Km

b
c
a
100Km

a
b
c
300Km

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Positive sequence
impedance

Positive, negative, and zero sequence


impedance, phase to phase
impedance, self and mutual.

Simple model

Complex model

Normal conventional
study

Specific to traction and distribution


systems.

Network
Parameter

Voltage magnitude
and angle
Load flow
Program

Generation
Schedule
Load
Schedule

Real and reactive


power flow
Real and reactive
Power loss

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Useful in day to day operation as well as in planning the system.

Any operating condition can be simulated.

Input to other programs like short circuit study, transient stability,


relay coordination, EMTP study etc.

In single-phase load flow, generator terminal voltage is maintained


constant.

In three-phase load flow, generator internal voltage is balanced.


Gives negative sequence currents and zero sequence current.

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Short Circuit Study

Used in breaker fault interrupting capacity selection.

Output used in relay co-ordination.

For both planning and operational studies.

Balanced and unbalanced fault study.

3 phase fault balanced.


Shunt faults : SLG, LL, LLG unbalanced faults
Series faults : Single phase open, Two phase open unbalanced
faults.

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Network parameters

Fault MVA

Generator Xd, Xd
Vector groups
Motor data

Short Circuit
Study

Fault current

Post fault bus


voltage

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Voltage Instability Study


Stability Problems

1.
2.

Angular Instability
Voltage Instability

Now a days, most of the grid collapse has been attributed to voltage
instability rather than angular instability, due to insufficient reactive
power supply in the system.
Normally occurs in long radial EHV lines, meeting the radial load,
controlled by OLTC.

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Due to load increase (both real and reactive power), the


reactive power is drawn from the generator.

Bus voltage at 4 is reduced.

The OLTC acts to improve the voltage.

Reactive power loss in the transformer increases.

Further reactive power is drawn from the grid.

Voltage collapse occurs.


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Operating point
Nose point or knee point

Voltage

Power
Available margin

Voltage instability program is going to tell how close one is to the proximity of
voltage collapse and what is the margin available.
Normally used by utility systems.
Load flow output is taken as input to this program.

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Harmonic Analysis Study

Quality of power supply: Voltage and frequency.

Further tags
1. Unbalance in the system.

2. Harmonics in the system.

Effect of harmonics: over heating, increased losses, mal operation of relays,


mal functioning of control circuits.

Non linear loads, electronic gadgets, thyristor drives, SVC are those loads,
which introduce harmonics.

Generated at load points, which migrate to other parts of the system and get
absorbed at shunts like motors, generators, grid etc.

At PCC (Point of Common Coupling) harmonic current injection and voltage


distortion should be minimum, within the acceptable limits as per standards.

Filters need to be provided, which are basically R, L, C, components, which


provide low impedance to harmonic current at the resonance frequency.

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at nth harmonic frequency,


n*2pfL = 1/(n*2pfC)

nth harmonic filter

Detailed network modeling is required corresponding to those harmonic


frequencies.
2pfL at fundamental frequency
n*2pfL at nth harmonic
2pfC at fundamental frequency
n*2pfC at nth harmonic
SVC: Static Var Compensator consists of controlled reactor (inductive) and
fixed capacitor, so as to control the terminal voltage or the power factor.

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50 MVAR

50 MVAR

100 MVAR

50 MVAR

Variable capacitor from 0 to 50


MVAR

Variable inductor/capacitor from


- 50 MVAR to 50 MVAR

Achieved by controlling the firing angle in a


bridge rectifier

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b
c

If the firing angle is 00, inductor is completely cut in.


If the firing angle is cut-off, inductor is not in the circuit.
By varying the firing angle, it is possible to control the inductive value.
Normally used in varying loads like dc drives and electric arc furnaces.

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Harmonic Analysis
Measurement technique.

By simulation.

For existing plant.

For proposed plant.

The waveform is sampled over a


cycle and using the DFT (Discrete
Fourier Transform) the waveform is
analyzed to get fundamental and
other harmonic components.

Known harmonic currents are


injected at respective buses and
three-phase load flow is conducted
corresponding to that harmonic
frequency.

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1Cycle

Filters are designed to eliminate the harmonic


current.
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Long term load forecasting

Used to determine the load growth based on the past 5-10 year load
records.
Multi regression analysis is used
Load forecasting is normally used by utility (electricity boards) and
not by industries.
Demand

recorded

projected
No of years

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Relay Coordination
Over current relay Co-ordination

Distance relay Co-ordination

Computes the plug setting and Computes the Z1, Z2 & Z3 setting
time multiplier setting

A relay should operate for close in fault and should not operate for any
back-up faults immediately and should operate for back-up faults, if the
primary relay fails to operate, with a discrimination time of about 0.4sec.

0.4sec is arrived based on relay operating time, time to close the relay
contacts and circuit breaker operating time.
For fuse to relay, discrimination time is 0.15sec + fuse operating time, as
no circuit breaker is involved.

The primary back up co-ordination is achieved by proper selection of plug


setting and time dial setting ( TDS or TMS ) TMS : time multiplier setting.
Relay characteristic curves can be moved horizontally by the plug setting
selection and vertically by the time dial setting.
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Vertical movement by TDS

time

Horizontal movement by plug setting.

R2

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R1

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The plug setting is selected based on

Maximum current seen in the element for normal operating condition.

In case of parallel feeder, tripping of one feeder, other feeder has to


carry the full current.

In the case of feeder supplying to motor, relay should not operate


during the motor starting current period.

Set R1 time dial setting to minimum or, by co-ordination with down


stream relays.

Find the operating time of the relay R1.

Relay R2 should operate at tR1+0.4sec for the fault at R1.

Knowing the time, determine the time dial setting of R2.


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Electrical Transients
Electromechanical transients
1.
2.
3.

Electromagnetic transients

Transient stability study


Dynamic stability study.
Sub synchronous resonance.

Electro magnetic transient analysis


program (EMTP).

Study period: one second


several seconds or minutes.

to

Study period: one cycle to several


cycles.

Time step: 0.02sec or 0.005 sec.

Time step: 50sec or less than 1sec

RMS values
current.

Instantaneous values of voltage and


current.

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of

voltage

and

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Power System Stability: It is defined as the ability of the synchronous


machine to remain in synchronism following a fault.
For large disturbances how the machine behaves is studied under the
transient stability program and for small disturbance, system
performance is analyzed in the dynamic stability programs. Most of the
dynamic stability problems are operating of the system at its peak
capability and wrong or improper control actions.

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Transient Stability
Large disturbances like 3 phase fault, single line to ground fault, loss of
generation, loss of load, loss of excitation, delayed fault clearing, loss of
important tie line, motor starting (large), arc furnace initial voltage
dip(open circuit to short circuit), cyclic load variation.
Program is going to determine the voltage response, frequency
response, real and reactive power variation as a function of time.
Steady state stability limit is 900, while the transient stability limit is 1800.
If the angular separation b/w any two machines is more than 1800, the
synchronism is lost.

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P
Pe= (E*V*Sin)/Xs

Pm

Shaft power

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Xs

in degrees

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1. s is the stable operating region and Pm = Pe.


2.

For small disturbance, if s is increased, then


Pe= E * V * Sin (s+) / Xs. Pm remains same.

3.

The swing equation


2

H * d = H dw = P - P
m
e
p f dt 2 p f dt
4. As Pe is more, compared to Pm, rotor decelerates, speed comes
down and angle decreases. Hence s is the stable operating point.
5. Due to disturbance, if u has changed to (s+), then, Pe is less
compared to Pm. Hence rotor further advances, taking the machine
out of step. Hence u is the unstable operating point.
6. From 4 & 5, it is concluded that steady state stability limit is 900
angular separation between any two machines.

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Stability study is also used to determine the motor performance


characteristic curves from the design data.

Electro Magnetic Transient Analysis

Instantaneous values are used.

Time domain analysis.

Used to study the effect of switching transients, capacitor charging,


voltage transients and current transients when the fault is initiated.

Used to study the surge arrestor performance

The current chopping phenomenon in the VCB (Vacuum Circuit


Breaker) and subsequent voltage exhalation is also studied.

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Line Parameter Calculation Program

From the tower configuration, placement of conductors, the number of


ground wires, determines the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance and susceptance values.
Input:
1. Height above the ground of each conductor.
2. Separation from the center of the tower.
3. Geometry and material of the conductor.

c
b

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c
b
a

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