Chapter 4 Linear Motion

Chapter 4 Linear Motion
Conceptual Physics Chapter 4
Motion is Relative
Even things that appear to be at rest
move!
Identify your frame of reference.
Describe the motion of your table.
State the motion of an object with
respect to your chosen frame of
reference.
What is a Rate?
Any physical quantity divided by time
Speed =
Velocity =
Acceleration =
Distance
Time
Displacement
Time
Change in Velocity
Time
Displacement
Distance and
displacement are
NOT the same
Refers to change in
position or distance
from a starting point
A vector quantity
requires direction
Independent of path
Speed
Measures how fast something is moving
The rate at which distance is covered
Scalar quantity
Typically measured in meters per second
(m/s)
Speed =
Distance
Time
d
or s =
t
Velocity
Measures how fast something is moving
AND IN WHAT DIRECTION
The rate of change in position
Vector quantity
(m/s)
Displacement
x
Velocity =
or v =
Time
t
Speed and Velocity are NOT

the same
A sprinter runs onceQuestion
around a 400 m track in 40 s
x
400
0of
mma carvelocity?
d the
The What
speedometer
moving
What
is
is
the
sprinters
sprinters
speed?
vs =
=
m/s
== 010
northward treads 40
60skm/hr. It passes
another car that travels southward at
60 km/hr.
Do both cars have the same velocity?

speed?
Instantaneous Speed
Typically, the motion of a body will not
remain perfectly constant
d use to find the
What
tools
could
we
We can use s =
to find the average
t of an automobile?
instantaneous
speed
speed
The average speed does NOT indicate
the maximum speed, the minimum speed,
or the speed at any given instant!
Instantaneous speed cannot be
calculated in simple mathematical terms
Constant Velocity
Speed remains constant
What three controls in a car allow us
Body travels in a straight line
to change velocity?
Speeding up, slowing down, and changing
direction each indicate a change in
velocity
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity
Measures how quickly the motion of a
body changes
Vector quantity
per second (m/s2)
Change in Velocity
v
Acceleration =
or a =
Time
t
10
Acceleration
If an object speeds up OR slows down
OR changes direction, it undergoes an
acceleration.
A car with its cruise control set at 30

mph travels around a circular track.
Does the car undergo an acceleration?
11
Acceleration
In 5 seconds a car moving in a straight
line to the north increases its speed
from 50 km/hr to 75 km/hr. What is
the magnitude of its acceleration?
75 km/hr - 50 km/hr
v
=
= 5 km/hr/s
a=
5s
t
12
Acceleration
What is the acceleration of a sports
car traveling on a straight roadway at
100 km/hr to the east?
Acceleration and velocity
are NOT the same!
13
Acceleration
Car A
Car B
v1 = 20 km/hr, N
v2 = 50 km/hr, N
v1 = 40 km/hr, W
v2 = 60 km/hr, W
Which car has the

greater acceleration?
You must know something about time!

14
Free Fall
Falling
A
golf ball
bodies
fallsspeed
to the
up ground.
as a result of
gravity.
Does
it accelerate?
If a body falls only under the influence
of gravity, it is said to be in free fall.
By definition, air resistance plays no
role in free fall.
All bodies in free fall, regardless of
mass, will accelerate at the same rate.
15
Free Fall
The acceleration of a freely falling body
is denoted by g.
g = 9.8 m/s2
or approximately 10 m/s2
The direction of free-fall acceleration
is DOWNWARD this is generally
indicated with a negative sign.
16
Air Resistance
How does air resistance affect
the motion of a falling body?
17
Free Fall from Rest

A ball falls freely
from rest.
Determine its
velocity.
Time
0 s
1 s
2 s
3 sign
s
Negative
indicates
4 s
direction
5 s
Velocity
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
What
How are
is the
v and
velocity
t related?
atv t= =gt12 s?
18
Free Fall from Rest

Determine the
acceleration
between t = 3 s
and t = 4 s.
a =
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
s
s
s
s
s
s
-40 m/s
(-30 m/s)
-10 m/s
4 s1 s 3 s
Velocity
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
= -10 m/s2
19
Free Fall from Rest

Determine the
acceleration
between t = 2 s
and t = 5 s.
a =
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
s
s
s
s
s
s
-50 m/s
(-20 m/s)
-30 m/s
5 s3 s 2 s
Velocity
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
= -10 m/s2
20
Free Fall
What
Determine
happens
the
when
acceleration
an object is
thrown
betweendownward
t = 2 s
at
and20
t =
m/s?
4 s.
Time
0 s
1 s
2 s
3 s
v = gt = (-10
+ m/s2)1= s-30
= -10
m/s m/s
4 s
This gets added to the initial
5 velocity
s
a =
-60 m/s
(-40 m/s)
-20 m/s
4 s2 s 2 s
Velocity
-20 m/s
-40
-50
-60
-70
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
= -10 m/s2
21
Free Fall
What
Determine
happens
the
when
acceleration
an object is
thrown
betweenupward
t = 0 at
s
20
andm/s?
t = 2 s.
Time
Velocity
0 s
20 m/s
1 s
2 s
0 m/s
3 s
-10 m/s
v = gt = (-10
+ m/s2)1= s10= m/s
-10 m/s
4 s
-20 m/s
This gets added to the initial
5 velocity
s
-30 m/s
a =
0 m/s
20 m/s
-20 m/s
2 s2 s 0 s
= -10 m/s2
22
Free Fall
Determine the
acceleration
between t = 2 s
and t = 4 s.
a =
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
s
s
s
s
s
s
-20 -20
m/s m/s
0 m/s
4 s2 s2 s
Velocity
20 m/s
10 m/s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
= -10 m/s2
23
Free Fall
Determine the
acceleration
between t = 0 s
and t = 5 s.
a =
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
s
s
s
s
s
s
-30 -50
m/s m/s
20 m/s
5 s5 s0 s
Velocity
20 m/s
10 m/s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
= -10 m/s2
24
Free Fall
The acceleration of a body in free fall is
always, always, always
-10 m/s2
25
Free Fall
Velocity
Position
Time
A freely
falling body
released from rest
0 s be falling
0 m/s at 100m/s
m at the end of
will
1 s
-10 m/s
the first second, but HOW FAR does it
2 s
-20 m/s
fall
3 s in the
-30 first
m/s second?
v1 + v2
4 s
-40 m/s
=
5 s
-50 m/s
2
x
v =
t
x = v t
26
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
0 m/s
-10+ m/s
(-10 m/s)
1 s = -5 m
t =
2
27
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
-5 m
0 m/s
-20+ m/s
(-20 m/s)
2 s = -20 m
t =
2
28
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
-5 m
-20 m
0 m/s
-30+ m/s
(-30 m/s)
3 s = -45 m
t =
2
29
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
-5 m
-20 m
-45 m
0 m/s
-40+ m/s
(-40 m/s)
4 s = -80 m
t =
2
30
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
-5 m
-20 m
-45 m
-80 m
0 m/s
-50+ m/s
(-50 m/s)
5 s = -125 m
t =
2
31
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
x =
Velocity Position
s
s
s
s
s
s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v1 + v2
2
0 m
-5 m
-20 m
-45 m
-80 m
-125 m
Can we find the

change in position
between t = 2 s
and t = 5 s?
-20 m/s
-70+ m/s
(-50 m/s)
3 s = -105 m
t =
2
32
Free Fall
Time
Velocity
For an object thrown upward with an

0 s
10 m/s
initial velocity of 10 m/s, determine the
1 s
velocity of the object at the end of
2each
s
of the first six seconds.
3
4
5
6
s
s
s
s
v = gt + v0 = (-10 m/s2)(1 s) + 10 m/s = 0 m/s

33
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Velocity
10 m/s
0 m/s
v = gt + v0 = (-10 m/s2)(2 s) + 10 m/s = -10 m/s

34
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Velocity
10 m/s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
What about the

position of the
object relative
to its initial
position?
v = gt + v0
35
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
10 m/s
10 m/s
+ 0 m/s
1 s = 5 m
t =
2
2
36
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m
0 m/s
5 m
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
10 m/s 0+ m/s
(-10 m/s)
2 s = 0 m
t =
2
2
37
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m
0 m/s
5 m
-10 m/s
0 m
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
m/s m/s)
10 m/s-10
+ (-20
3 s = -15 m
t =
2
2
38
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m
0 m/s
5 m
-10 m/s
0 m
-20 m/s
-15 m
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
m/s m/s)
10 m/s-20
+ (-30
4 s = -40 m
t =
2
2
39
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m
0 m/s
5 m
-10 m/s
0 m
-20 m/s
-15 m
-30 m/s
-40 m
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
m/s m/s)
10 m/s-30
+ (-40
5 s = -75 m
t =
2
2
40
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
2
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
10
t =
0 m
5 m
0 m
-15 m
-40 m
-75 m
m/s m/s)
m/s-40
+ (-50
6 s = -120 m
2
41
Free Fall
Time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
v1 +
2
Velocity Position
10 m/s
0 m/s
-10 m/s
-20 m/s
-30 m/s
-40 m/s
-50 m/s
v2
0
t =
0 m
5 m
0 m
-15 m
-40 m
-75 m
-120 m
m/s
-40
+ (-40
m/s
2
Can we find the

change in position
between t = 1 s
and t = 5 s?
m/s)
4 s = -80 m
42

Chapter 4 Linear Motion

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Chapter 4 Linear Motion

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Chapter 4 Linear Motion

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Speed and Velocity are NOT

Do both cars have the same velocity?

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

A car with its cruise control set at 30

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Which car has the

You must know something about time!

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Free Fall from Rest

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Free Fall from Rest

Free Fall from Rest

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Can we find the

For an object thrown upward with an

v = gt + v0 = (-10 m/s2)(1 s) + 10 m/s = 0 m/s

v = gt + v0 = (-10 m/s2)(2 s) + 10 m/s = -10 m/s

What about the

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Conceptual Physics Chapter 4

Can we find the

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