Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Transformer
Stator
Primary
Rotor
Secondary
I1
jx1
Ic
V1
Rc
I2
I0
jx2
I
jXm
r2
1 s
r2 r2
s
s
r2/s
r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1
r2
I2
I0
Rc
jx2
I
jXm
1 s
r2
At standstill, s=1,
ckt becomes equivalent to short circuited transformer.
At synchronous speed, s=0,
ckt becomes equivalent to open circuited transformer.
Power Balance
r1 I jx1
I2
1
I0
Ic
I
Rc
jXm
Stator
Stator
Rotor
loss
loss
loss
V1
Stator
Input
power
V1
I1cos1
r2
I12r1
core
I22r2
jx2
1 s
r2
Mechanical
Power
Developed in
Rotor Pm
E2 I2cos2=I22r2/s
=E2 I2 cos 2
I2
E2
2
r2
2
x
2
s
Pg E 2 I2
r2
and cos2
r2
2
x2
s
Pg I2
r2
s
Pg I2 2 r2 I2 2 r2 1 s
s
Pg sPg (1 s)Pg
r2
r2
2
x2
s
1 s
Pm I2 2 r2
(1 s) Pg
r (1 s) s
Pg
Watts/rad/sec
s
Te can also be expressed as Synchronous Watts
due to Pg and s.
Psh
Pm
Pm Pconstant Pcu
100 %
I2
s s
s
s
r2
RTH
s
VTH 2
2
TH
2
r2
Nm
s
Motoring Mode
Tem
TL
Unstable
Top
Te
Test
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
0
Test
Tem
RTH
KTH
r
2
2 2
r2 XTH x2
KTH
2
2 RTH RTH X 2
X XTH x
s KTH
Top
r2
KTH
r2
s
r2
2
R R 2 X 2
RTH XTH x2
2
TH
TH
r2
Te
s
2
Tem
KTH
r2
2 s
RTH XTH x2
2
2
s
2 RTH RTH X
2
Tem
s
smt X
2
X
s
smt
s
s
smt
r2 smt X
Te
2
Tem smt s
s
smt
TTee
22
TTemest smt1 ss
s s smt
1
rdc=Vdc/Idc
I0
STATOR
V0 V
B
Y
ROTOR
P0 = I02r1+Pc+Pfw
P0
Cos0
V0 I0
1. Ic=I0cos0
2. I=I0sin0
E0
E0
, E 0 V 0 I 0 (r 1 jx 1)
3. R c
4. X m
Ic
I
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
jx2
r1 I jx1
I
I0
Ic
V0
Rc
I
jXm
open circuit
r2/s
Pfw
Input Voltage
Thus Pc=P0 - I02r1 - Pfw
IM
V Vsc
B
Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by
3-ph Variac
r1
jx1
Ic
Vsc
Isc
I0
Rc
Mechanical loss =0
Core loss negligible
Rc and Xm >> r2+jx2
Hence omitted
r2
jx2
I
jXm
1 s
r2
P sc
cossc
=0.8 to 0.9
VscI sc
X sc Z sc 2 R sc 2 x 1x 2
For wound rotor motor, x1 = x2 = Xsc /2
For squirrel cage motor,
Class of motor
x1
x2
1.
0.5
0.5
2.
0.4
0.6
3.
0.3
0.7
4.
0.5
0.5
Graphical representation
y
Isc
V1
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
x
4. Join I0 and Isc
y
Isc
V1
Output line
T
sc
0 I
0
L1
O
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line
V1
Output line
T Torque line
sc
O
0 I
0
L1
L2
P
V1
P
1
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
sc
O
T
L1
0 I
L
1
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis
Lebel O, T , L1 and L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
L1L2=Constant Loss
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
rotor Cu loss = OT
y
Pmax
V1
Isc
Output line
O
O
T T
0 I
L1 L1
0
O
L2 L2
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP
T Torque line
sc
L1
LP2max
Ns
0
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
O
O
T
T T
L1
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
x
L
O
L2 L2 2
L2
Tmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Torque = TP
The gap betn torque line and circle is OUTPUT torque.
Ns
0
Speed
At I0, torque=0, but at
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque
1
Slip
0
Max output torque=TmaxT
sc
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
O
O
T
T T
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
L
O
L2 L2 2
2. Output Power and Torque
sc
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem
y
Pmax
V1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
Isc
Tmax
P
1
Output line
T Torque line
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
L1
L2
smp
O"T "
Pmax T "
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
0 I
0
4. Braking Torque
O
T
L1
L2
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1
T
C
L1
L2
s=0
The gap betn circle and (T & s=) is braking torque
x
s=
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1
T
C
L1
L2
x
s=
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
braking torque
O
O
T
T
0 I
L1
0
C
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
G
s= -ve
G
(Generator)
sc
PGmax
T Torque line
s=1
L1
L2
x
s=
OG=Gen Current
OG=Mech I/p
L2G=Active power
OL2=reactive power
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
P
1
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
O
O
s=1
T
T
L1 T
0 I
L
1
0
C
Ae
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Speed
s=0
0
Ns Speed 2N
s
G
OG=Gen
1
Slip
0 Current
Slip -1
OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc
PGmax
OL2=reactive power
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
O
O
s=1
T
T
L1
0 I
L
1
Te
0
CA
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Ns
s=0
0
Speed
Speed
2Ns
Sli
G
OG=Gen Slip
Current-1
1
0 B
p
OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc
OL2=reactive power