2M Links

2M Links
MMSs, RSLs, MTLs

MAHMOUD KAMAL
Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Slide 1
Structure of this Brown Bag/ Workshop

Brown Bag - hour
Workshop - to hour
Overview of 2M format
How GSM uses 2M:
Speech
MTL
RSL
Timeslot Maps
OML Routing including
MUX/ PSW & OMC
More detail on 2M format

How to equip star, loop etc
2M alarms and thresholds
Problem solving on poor
links. Effects of GCLK
sync.
Slide 2
What is a 2M link
2
cables - one TX/ one RX

each cable can be:
co-axial 75ohm - need T43 board
twisted pair 120ohm - need BIB
The
signal is sent at 2.048 million bits / second
Slide 3
Frames and timeslots

Frame
rate 8kHz - sampling rate speech
Every 125 us a new frame is sent

Each
frame contains 32 timeslots
1 timeslot = 1 signalling link OR 1 phone call

a timeslot can be thought of as a link running at
8000 X 8 = 64 kbps
Each
timeslot is 8 bits (again samping size of

phone calls)
Maths: 8000 X 32 X 8 = 2048000 bits/second
Slide 4
Timeslot Map
Always useful to understand what
is going where on a 2M link.
64kbps: used for MSC speech or signalling.

16kbps: used for BSS speech or 16k RSL
8*16kbps: 8 speech channels = 1 carrier
Bits
Timeslots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 Synchronisation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Slide 5
GSM on 2M Links
Speech
on BSS side of RXCDR is sent at

16kbps ie 1/4 of a timeslot
actually its 13kbps, 260 bits per 20ms.
=>
4 calls per timeslots

A carrier with 8 air interface timeslots needs
two 2M timeslots to carry its calls. Motorola
refer to this as the RTF eg:
Slide 6
MMI-RAM 0116 -> disp_mms_ts_u 10 0 0

Start of Report:
Site: 10 MMS: 0 0
General Timeslot Usage:
Timeslot Usage
State
Timeslot
0
UNAVAILABLE
1
RSL
2
UNUSED
....
19
UNUSED
20
RTF
21
RTF
22
RTF
23
RTF
24
RTF
25
RTF
26
RTF
27
RTF
28
RTF
29
RTF
30
RTF
31
RTF
End of Report.
Device ID
Site
0 0
10
2
2
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CIC
Group
CIC
Slide 7
GSM Signalling
Not
limited to timeslots 16
except MTL because that is where MSC expects it.

Most
signalling is 64 kbps, ie one timeslot
GSR3 lets us use 16k RSLs

Competitors have 16k and 32k signalling
Slide 8
Different Signalling Links

MSC
RXCDR
BSC
BTSs
RXCDR
BSC
BTSs
OMC
BSC
BTSs
Slide 9
MTL - Message Transfer Link

MSC to BSC
Carries:
Format
l2 - LAPB-E
l3 - CCITT No 7
Call setup messaging

Paging messages
Location Updates
Availability of CICs
Statistics
MTP_* (see guide)
call setup stats
Speech channels between BSS

& MSC
SMS Messages
External Handovers
Slide 10
OML - Operations & Maintenance Link

BSS/RXCDR to OMC
Carries:
Events & Alarms

Downloads of software/
databases
Uploads of software/
databases
rlogin sessions
CTP events
Format:
X.25
Motorola Proprietary
Statistics:
X.25 & LAPD (see guide)
Slide 11
XBL - Transcoder(XCDR) BSS Link

RXCDR to BSS
Carries:
Status of 2M links and

speech circuits between
MSC and BSS
Does not know CICs
Format:
l2 - LAPD
l3 - Motorola Proprietary
Statistics:
X.25 & LAPD (see guide)
Reports MMS numbers

at BSS, timeslots and
group numbers (which
group of 2 bits) - BSS
converts into CICs for
MSC
Slide 12
RSL - Radio Subsystem Link

BSC to BTS
Carries:
Format:
l2 - LAPD
l3 - Motorola Proprietary
can think of RSL as a
LAN bridge
Call setup information

Handover recognised
software downloads
Statistics:
X.25 & LAPD
Call setup stats
Slide 13
CBL - Cell Broadcast Link

CBC to BSS
Carries:
Cell Broadcast Messages

CBCH Status Messages
Format:
X.25
GSM defined 03.41 etc
Statistics:
X.25 & LAPD
Some CBCH stats
Slide 14
Different Signalling Links

MSC
RXCDR
BSC
Timeslot Mapping
Timeslot Mapping
TS0 - Synchronisation
TS0 - Synchronisation RXCDR
BSC
TS1 - OML
TS1
- Speech (64k)
OMC
TS2 - XBL
...
TS3 - 4 TCH (16k each)
TS15 - Speech (64k)
TS4 - 4 TCH (16k each)
TS16 - MTL
...
BSC
TS17 - Speech (64k)
TS16 - MTL
...
...
TS31 - Speech (64k)
BTSs
Timeslot Mapping
BTSs
TS1 - RSL
TS2 - unused
...
(as many as required of)
TS26,27 - 8 TCH (16k)
BTSs
TS28,29 - 8TCH
(16k)
TS30,31 - 8 TCH (16k)
2 timeslots per carrier
Slide 15
Star Network
One
2M per site
No redundancy
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
Slide 16
Daisychain Network
BSC
One
BTS 1
BTS 2
BTS 3
2M per site, but

links are shorter
First link carries all info
ie single point failure
No redundancy
BTS 4
Slide 17
Loop Network
BSC
One 2M per site plus

extra
Two PATHs to each site
Redundancy - All links
carry all info
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Slide 18
Mixed Network
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
Slide 19
OML Routing
Transcoder maps all
OMLs onto one 2M
which goes to OMC,
via MUX and PSW.
RXCDR
BSC 1
RXCDR
BSC 2
OMC
A Single timeslot
(usually 1) carries an
OML from each BSC.
Why timeslot 1?
When booting BSC
has no database, so
BSC 3 it looks at default ports.
(Fixed list coded in IP)
Timeslot mapping
TS1 - OML from RXCDR
TS2 - OML from BSC1
TS3 - OML from BSC2
TS4 - OML from BSC3
Slide 20
At OMC End
Timeslot mapping
TS1 - OML from RXCDR
TS2 - OML from BSC1
TS3 - OML from BSC2
TS4 - OML from BSC3
One V.24 cable

for each OML
(64kbps)
MUX
Packet
Switch
DTE
Address
for each
port
OMC 1
A partial DTE
address for
each link to an
OMC. Usually
2 links for
redundancy.
OMC 2
DTE Addresses:
CBC
Normally 14 digit,
partially DTE address only checks
on first 12 digits. Other 2 specify
which process at OMC.
Slide 21
OMLs
OMLs
from several BSCs can be concentrated at

an RXCDR into different timeslots on same 2M.
MUX splits them into separate cables.
PSW reads DTE address, checks in its routing
list and sends packet out on correct port.
Using partial addresses you can have several
DTE addresses on same port, used into OMC.
OMC then checks the address and sends packet
to correct process, eg bootload, rlogin, event etc
Slide 22
Example PSW Config - from lab

Stats upload from BSC1 (23410000000021) to OMC3 upload (23410333333099)
PSW checks 12 digits, routes to OMC3 port 0a.
OMC checks whole address, routes to upload process.
Route Selection Table 3.3.1
[1], 234101111110, x25-1, 1, (blank),
[3], 23410000000011, x25-3, 1, (blank)
[4], 23410000000021, x25-4, 1, (blank)
[5], 23410000000122, x25-5, 1, (blank),
[9], 23410000000022, x25-9, 1, (blank),
[10], 234103333330, x25-10, 1, (blank),
[11], 234103333331, x25-11, 1, (blank),
[12], (blank), (blank), 1, (blank), 1, (blan
[13], 234104444440, x25-14, 1, (blank),
[14], 234104444441, x25-13, 1, (blank),
[15], 23410000000012, x25-15, 1, (blan
[16], 23410000000023, x25-9, 1, (blank
/usr/gsm/config/global/x25_config from
OMC3
lynx{omcadmin}2: cat /usr/gsm/config/global/x25_config
1 x25_chan1 0a 23410333333061 G g_bootload OMC_BL X25 ...
2 x25_chan2 1a 23410333333162 G g_bootload OMC_BL X25 ...
3 x25_chan3 0a 23410333333041 G g_ei OMC_EI X25 128 2 500
4 x25_chan4 1a 23410333333142 G g_ei OMC_EI X25 128 2 500
5 x25_chan5 0a 23410013010000 G - OMC_RL X25 128 2 500
6 x25_chan6 0a 23410333333099 G - OMC_PU X25 128 2 50
7 x25_chan7 0a 23410333333099 G - OMC_PU X25 128 2 50
Slide 23
End of Brown Bag

Any Questions?
Workshop starts 10 minutes after last answer.

In Apple.
Slide 24
History
2M
or PCM links were developed as the first

digital links
They were developed slightly after T1 was
developed in America (hence T1 is slower)
There is a heirarchy of standards/ speeds
E2 8M, E3 32+M etc
Slide 25
How is a bit sent

The
code is:
RTZ - Return to zero

AMI - Alternate Mark Inversion
ZCS - Zero code suppression
Slide 26
Quick Aside - Impedance and levels

To
get the best signal through the impedances

should match.
So MSC simulator should be 75/ 120 ohm
K1103 is a monitor and should be high impedance.
Levels
T1 has a parameter called line build out (LBO).

More power per pulse to overcome long lossy
links. In setps of 7.5 dB.
Normal E1 the level cannot be adjusted. Some E1
test equipment can do T1 also and has LBO.
Slide 27
How do you know . . .

.
. . where the start of a frame is?

Timeslot 0 cannot be used, because it contains a
defined pattern to identify the start of the frame
. . the clock rate of the sender

Each pulse (mark or 1) re-syncs the clock
But,
if there is many zeroes - no marks
You are not allowed to send more than 4

consecutive zeros. Use ZCS (Zero Code
Suppression)
Slide 28
Zero Code Suppression
Each block of 3 (or 4)

successive zeros is replaced
by 00V (or 000V
respectively) or B0V
(B00V). The choice of 00V
(000V) or B0V (B00V) is
made so that the number of
B pulses between
consecutive V pulses is odd.
In other words, successive
V pulses are of alternate
polarity so that no d.c
component is introduced.
Slide 29
Signalling outside of GSM

Always
uses timeslot 16
Two methods use:
CAS Channel Associated Signalling
first 4 bits: ts 1 to 15: second 4 bits ts 17 to 31
each call has 4kbps signalling
no non-call related signalling
CCS
Common Channel Signalling No 7 aka
C7
64kbps of signalling
Slide 30
Timeslot Routing
Uses
a device known as a Cross-Point Switch

Data
0101010101
1010101010
0101010101
1010101010
0101010101
1010101010
0101010101
1010101010
0101010101
1010101010
0101010101
1010101010
Address
1
2
3
idle
idle
idle
8
7
31
30
29
16
Standard X-point switch

has 32 timeslots.
A KSW/TSW is a
cross-point switch with 1024
timeslots. MSI puts its 32
timeslots per MMS onto
TDMH and back again.
A KSW has to be able

to move 2 bits at a time
ie a 16kbps TCH or link
See W28.
Slide 31
How are Signalling Links Routed?

All
timeslots are independant.

A KSW can move any timeslot on one MMS to
any timeslot on another (or the same) MMS.
Slide 32
Before we look at stars/ chains/ loops

PATHS
-we can have several paths to each site

RSL - we can have several RSLs to each site
load sharing over all B-U RSLs
RTF
- when you equip RTF you specify:
main and redundant PATH
Slide 33
Star Network
One
PATH per site

Each link carries:
BTS
one RSL
one set of RTFs
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
MMI-RAM 011a -> disp_eq 0 PATH 1 0

The terminating SITE id is: 1
The Unique PATH Identifier is: 0
The BSC MSI identifier is: 0
The BSC MMS identifier is: 1
SITE identifier: 1
The upstream MSI identifier is: 0
The upstream MMS identifier is: 0
Slide 34
Daisychain Network
BSC
TS0 - Sync
TS1 - RSL 1 0
TS2 - RSL 2 0
TS3 - RSL 3 0
TS4 - RSL 4 0
TS5 - unused
...
TS23 - unused
TS24,25 - RTF 4 0 0
TS26,27 - RTF 3 0 0
TS28,29 - RTF 2 0 0
TS30,31 - RTF 1 0 0
One
BTS 1
Path per site

First link carries all info
BTS 2
BTS 3
BTS 4
TS0 - Sync
TS1 - RSL 3 0
TS2 - RSL 4 0
TS3 - unused
...
TS27 - unused
TS28,29 - RTF 4 0 0
TS30,31 - RTF 3 0 0
equip 0 PATH
Terminating site:3
PATH 2nd id:0
BSC MMS: x
site:1
in MMS: x
out MMS: x
site:2
in MMS: x
out MMS: x
site: 3
in MMS: x
Slide 35
Loop Network
BSC
TS0 - Sync
TS1 - RSL 1 0
TS2 - RSL 2 0
TS3 - RSL 3 0
TS4 - RSL 4 0
TS24,25 - RTF 4 0 0
TS26,27 - RTF 3 0 0
TS28,29 - RTF 2 0 0
TS30,31 - RTF 1 0 0
Two
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
PATHs per site

Two RSLs per site
All links carry all info
TS0 - Sync
TS1 - RSL 4 0
TS2 - RSL 3 1
TS3 - RSL 2 1
TS4 - RSL 1 1
TS24,25 - RTF 4 0 0
TS26,27 - RTF 3 0 0
TS28,29 - RTF 2 0 0
TS30,31 - RTF 1 0 0
IP Default Ports:
MSI slot 16 port 0 TS1
MSI slot 16 port 1 TS2
MSI slot 16 port 0 TS 2
2nd cage: 16 0 0 TS2
Each BTS moves TSs

so RSL is in right place.
Slide 36
Mixed Network
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
Slide 37
How to equip the mixed

Draw your plan
label all MMSs
Equip MSIs
Equip all paths
Equip an RSL on each path
Equip RTFs with a primary
and a redundant PATH
BTS 1
BTS 2
BTS 3
BSC
BTS 4
BTS 5
Slide 38
Alarms - Physical Layer

Five
types of E1 problems
BER - bit error rate

Sync Loss - cannot find timeslot 0 (usually no 2M)
Frame slip - received/ and transmitted clocks
different
Remote Alarm - far end has lost sync
Code error (Bipolar violations) not supported by
Motorola
One
unique to T1 - Red Alarm (AIS, all 1s)

Slide 39
Alarm Categories
Hourly - if threshold exceeded in 1 hour
produces an alarm - no action taken by BSS
Daily - if threshold exceeded in 24 hours
produces an alarm- no action taken by BSS
OOS - if threshold exceeded in 24 hours:
link is taken out of service
an alarm is produced
Thresholds must be optimised on poor links.

Slide 40
Motorola 2M Statistics
There are no statistics for 2M links!
There are statistics for HDSL links, ie RSL
(also XBL, CBL, OML)
(In Stats Guide called X.25 & LAPD)
There are good events from 2M links. From
these events you can see:
links which go OOS
links which have problems but not severe
enough OOS the link
Slide 41
Setting the thresholds

Threshold should be
above the noise, but
if the value increases
the threshold will be
exceeded and cause
an alarm.
This will catch faults
and deteriorating
links.
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Time
value
Threshold
Slide 42
Parameters
SEE CSB 95-001

Hourly - quick response to sudden drops in
link quality, no wait for 24 hr threshold.
Daily - longer average, so it is less variable.
Gradual reduction in link performance.
OOS - This should be higher than alarm
thresholds, but lower than what the user will
think is unacceptable.
Slide 43
Parameters cont
Restore - time before you are sure that the
link is working again:
shorter = less time OOS
longer = less chance of using link whilst problem
exists and going OOS again immediately.
Slide 44
BER Parameters
You cannot change BER loss OOS. It is set
by CCITT G.703 at 10-3, ie 1 in 1000.
-x
These parameters are defined as 10 , where
x is the value you set the parameter, ie:
parameter
3
4
5
6
1 in ....
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Slide 45
Checking Event Logs

For each MMS look for:
amount of time OOS
%age of days when daily alarm seen
%age of hours when hourly alarm seen
[Good job for a script! - China are developing
one, tools group will take it over at sometime.]
Slide 46
Checking Event Logs cont

Choose worst 10 links and complain to link
provider
If alarms seen very often but link is rarely
OOS, increase the thresholds slightly:
you do not want lots of alarms
you do want to know when the link is getting
worse
Slide 47
RSL statistics
LAPD statistics - 7
Check (noisy link):
FRMR (Frame Rejects)
INVALID_FRAMES_RX
Check (intermittent link)

N2_EXPIRY
SABM_TX
Slide 48
RSL Parameters
When you equip the RSL you can change the
LAPD parameters.
I will do some tests in lab on introducing
poor bit error rates and synchrnisation and
testing the effects on RSLs.
Can the effects be counteracted with
different RSL LAPD parameters.
Slide 49
Summary
You must optimise the parameters to:
remove excess alarms
notice when links deteriorate.
Information is available in event logs.
Slide 50
Synchronisation
An
MSI will send data out at the a datarate

governed by the 125us output from the GCLK
8kHz ie 2M and telephony frame rate.
If
GCLK frequencies are not identical you will

get frame slips.
Each frame slip will cause a TRAU frame or
signalling frame to be corrupted.
GCLK sync is a good feature! But . . .
Slide 51
Hired 2M links
When
an operator buys/ hires a 2M link the

telecom provider has two/three options:
Connect existing cables together to provide a
continuous piece of copper,
Take the data, send it over existing E1/E2 etc
network, convert back to E1 at destination site,
Take the data, send it over existing SDH network,
convert back to E1 at destination site.
If
latter 2, where does the clock come from?

Slide 52
Heirarchical Clocking
The
Gateway-MSC (ie the MSC that is

connected to the PSTN) is the master clock
and should be synchronised using good
rubidium or better standard.
All other MSCs, RXCDRs, BSCs, BTSs should
synchronise upwards towards the G-MSC.
If you go over someone elses network, what is
it synchronised to?
[P.S. The opposite of Heirarchical is Pleisiochronus, ie using

internal clock, ie Set Freq Mode.]
Slide 53

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2M Links

MMSs, RSLs, MTLs

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Structure of this Brown Bag/ Workshop

More detail on 2M format

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

cables - one TX/ one RX

signal is sent at 2.048 million bits / second

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Frames and timeslots

rate 8kHz - sampling rate speech

Every 125 us a new frame is sent

frame contains 32 timeslots

1 timeslot = 1 signalling link OR 1 phone call

timeslot is 8 bits (again samping size of

64kbps: used for MSC speech or signalling.

on BSS side of RXCDR is sent at

4 calls per timeslots

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

MMI-RAM 0116 -> disp_mms_ts_u 10 0 0

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

except MTL because that is where MSC expects it.

signalling is 64 kbps, ie one timeslot

GSR3 lets us use 16k RSLs

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Different Signalling Links

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

MTL - Message Transfer Link

Call setup messaging

Speech channels between BSS

OML - Operations & Maintenance Link

Events & Alarms

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

XBL - Transcoder(XCDR) BSS Link

Status of 2M links and

Does not know CICs

Reports MMS numbers

RSL - Radio Subsystem Link

Call setup information

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

CBL - Cell Broadcast Link

Cell Broadcast Messages

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Different Signalling Links

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

2M per site, but

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

One 2M per site plus

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

One V.24 cable

from several BSCs can be concentrated at

Example PSW Config - from lab

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

End of Brown Bag

Workshop starts 10 minutes after last answer.

or PCM links were developed as the first

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

How is a bit sent

RTZ - Return to zero

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Quick Aside - Impedance and levels

get the best signal through the impedances

T1 has a parameter called line build out (LBO).

How do you know . . .