RHINORRHEA

This article is about the condition known as

"runny nose". For the condition caused by
head trauma, see cerebrolfinalis fluid
rhinorrhoea.

definition
Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where
the nassal cavity is filled with a significant
amount of mucus fluid. The condition,
commonly known as a "runny nose", occurs
relatively frequently.

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Rhinorrhea is a common sympton of allergies or
certain diseases, such as the common cold or hay
fever. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to
coldtemperatures, cocain abuse or withdrawal,
suchasfrom opioids like methadone . Treatment
for rhinorrhea is not usually necessary, but there
are a number of medical treatments and
preventive techniques available

Signs and symptoms

Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount
of mucus produced by the mucous
membranes that line the nasal cavities. The
membranes create mucus faster than it can be
processed, causing a backup of mucus in the
nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks
off the air passageway, causing difficulty
breathing through the nose.

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Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus
cavities sinus cavities, cannot be released and the
resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial
pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there
is a chance that sinusitis may result. If the mucus
backs up through the eustachian tubeEustachian
tube it may result in ear pain or an ear
infectionear infection.Excess mucus accumulating
in the throat or back of the nose may cause
a post-nasal drippost-nasal drip,resulting in a sore
throat or coughing. Additional symptoms
include sneezing ,nosebleeds and nasal discharge.

causes
Cold temperature
Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter
months and certain low temperature seasons.
Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a
combination of thermodynamics and the
body's natural reactions to cold weather
stimuli.

 Infection
Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases,
such as the common cold or influenza During
these infections, the nasal mucous
membranes produce excess mucus, filling the
nasal cavities.

 Allergies
Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies
to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy,
shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these
allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems,
the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the
production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE),
which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to
mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing
the release of inflammatory mediators such
as histamine

 Lacrimation
Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding
tears, whether from emotional events or from
eye irritation. When excess tearsare produced,
the liquid drains through the inner corner of
the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct,and
into the nasal cavities.

 Head trauma
If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a
much more serious condition. A basilar skull
fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier
between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior
cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae

Other causes
Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid
withdrawal accompanied by
lachrymation. Other causes include cystic
fibrosis, whooping cough nasal tumors,
hormonal changes, and cluster headaches.
Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of
several genetic disorders, such as primary
ciliary dyskinesia.

Treatment
In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not
necessary since it will clear up on its own
especially if it is the symptom of an infection.
For general cases, blowing your nose can get
rid of the mucus buildup.
Alternatively, saline nasal sprays
andvasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be
used, but may become counterproductive
after several days of use, causingrhinitis
medicamentosa

 In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies,

there are medicinal treatments available. For
cases caused by histamine buildup, several types
of antihistamines can be obtained relatively
cheaply from drugstores. People who prefer to
keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who
need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a
technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent
rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the
nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store
bought saline solutions

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