Hydrogen

(the next generation fuel)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.R.P.REDDY
M.Tech , MISTE,(PhD)
Associate Professor

Presented By:

M.RAVI SHANKAR VUMMIDI

06A81A0220
4th B.TECH
INTRODUCTION:


 The amount of waste hydrogen produced widely
depending on the process in a particular plan.
This paper examines alternatives for plants
that produce four metric tones of hydrogen
.Power generation greater than 1MW is the
focus of this paper.
HYDROGEN BASICS:

 The combustion of hydrogen produces no

carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate or sulpher
emissions.
 As the conventional fuel of choice, progressed
from wood to coal then to oil and natural gas,
the percentage of carbon in our fuel as
declined and the percentage of hydrogen
increased .
 Hydrogen has higher energy per unit of mass
but lower energy per unit volume. By weight
hydrogen carries 3 times energy of our most
--common fuels.
HYDROGEN BASICS:(cont….)

 The major down side of hydrogen is its poor

volumetric energy density, making storage
and transportation a fundamental challenge.
 To help resolve this problem the hydrogen
industry is currently certifying 1000psi
hydrogen cylinders

HYDROGEN-ECONOMY:
 Our dependence on fossil fuels present fundamental challenges
to our economic security, environmental security and
homeland security. We must pursue a promising pathway to a
more secure energy future.
 Hydrogen can be produced renewably under all conventional
energy sources; the result is fuel flexibility energy security.
Hydrogen is well matured with renewable energy
technologies like solar and wind power.
 Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity with no conventional
pollutants
 Fuel cells produce less CO2 per unit of work .Usually less than
conventional alternatives.
 Transitional strategies like hybrid vehicles will help, but
because of vehicle growth in use, we would still need to
import as much oil; as we import today. We need a permanent
solution.

ANALYSIS OF FUEL ECONOMY:
FUEL CELL:
 The fuel cell does not generate energy through burning;
rather, it is based on an electrochemical process.


 There are little or no harmful emissions. The only release

is clean water.

 Hydrogen, the simplest element consisting of one proton
and one electron, is plentiful and is exceptionally clean
as a fuel. Hydrogen makes up 90% of the universe and
is the third most abundant element on the earth's
surface.

 Such wealth of energy would provide an almost unlimited
amount of energy at relatively low fuel cost.

 But there is a price to pay. The fuel cell core (or stack),
which converts oxygen and hydrogen to electricity, is
expensive to build and maintain.
FUEL CELL: (contd…)
A fuel cell is electrolysis in reverse, using two
electrodes separated by an electrolyte.
 Hydrogen is presented to the negative electrode
(cathode) and oxygen to the positive electrode
(anode).
 A catalyst at the anode separates the hydrogen
into positively charged hydrogen ions and
electrons.
 A single fuel cell produces 0.6-0.8 volts under
load.
 Several cells are connected in series to obtain
higher voltages.

FUEL CELL: (contd…)

Fig: The principle of an electrolyzer, shown left; of a fuel 
cell, shown right
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Anode :   H22H+ +2e­

Cathode:  ½ O2+2H+ +2e­  H2O

Overall:  H2+1/2 O2  H2O
How does a Fuel Cell work?
APPLICATIONS:
 IN AUTOMOBILES:


 The fuel cell is intended to replace the internal

combustion engine of cars, trucks and buses.


 Because of pending technical issues of the fuel cell, and

the low cost of the combustion engine, experts predict
mass-produced fuel cell powered cars to arrive by
2015, or even 2020.


 Fuel cells may soon compete with batteries for portable

applications, such as laptops. The energy will be
cheaper than that of a conventional battery and
lengthy recharging will become redundant. However,
the size and price of today's portable fuel cells do not
yet meet customer's expectations.

HYPER CAR:
IN RESIDENTIAL DWELLING:
 A web of the energy
networks interconnects
residential houses.
 A few houses have fuel
cells. Those houses
interchange the hydrogen
that is produced by their
fuel process.
 All houses are able to join to
the interchange of hot
water and electricity.
 Electricity is interchanged
virtually via conventional
grid


Fig... Example of proposed energy networks in residential houses
IN RESIDENTIAL DWELLING:

Fig... Energy interchanges of residential houses 
Compact fuel processing system :
Hydrogen safety:
 Small leak more flammable than for gasoline, but more
likely to disperse, so ignition less likely.

 Static spark can ignite, so ground during transfer.

 Detonation more likely than with gasoline because of
wider flammable concentration and higher flame
speed

 Need high pressure to transfer efficiently: 5-10k psi.

 Odorless, burns with a blue flame. Small molecule
precludes adding scent molecule.

STORAGE:
 Hydrides, however, store little energy per unit weight.
Current research aims to produce a compound that
will carry a significant amount of hydrogen with a
high energy density, release the hydrogen as a fuel,
react quickly, and be cost-effective.

 Hydrogen may also be stored as a gas, which uses less
energy than making liquid hydrogen. As a gas, it must
be pressurized to store any appreciable amount.


 For large-scale use, pressurized Hydrogen gas could be

stored in avers, gas fields, and mines. The hydrogen
gas could then be piped into individual homes in the
same way as natural gas.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:
 Claims that hybrid vehicle are just as clean environmentally
as fuel cell vehicles are in accurate
 Only hydrogen offers the promise of completely removing
motor vehicles from the pollution equation.
 Although fossils fuels will be used to produce hydrogen in
the medium turn, in long-term hydrogen can be derived
largely from renewable sources. Gasoline on the other
hand can only be derived from fossil fuels.
 Although a Prius hybrid is significantly cleaner than air
conventional gasoline vehicle, it is not cleaner than an
hydrogen vehicle where the hydrogen is derived from
clean sources.
 Aronne national laboratory and NRC evaluated a nation
natural gas based h2FCV and calculated it emits 60%less
green house gases than the conventional gasoline vehicle
and 25% less than a prius hybrid (2004)

LIMITATIONS:
 The efficiency of a new power source is often compared
with a diesel engine or a nickel-cadmium battery, both
of which perform well at 100% load factor. This is not
the case with the fuel cell, which operates best at
30%. Higher loads reduce the efficiency considerably.
Supplying pure oxygen instead of air improves the
load factor.
 One of the major limitations of the fuel cell is the high-
energy cost. While an internal combustion engine
requires an investment of $30 to produce one kilowatt
(kW) of power, the equivalent cost in a fuel cell is a
whopping $3,000 (Refer to The cost of portable
power). Part of that cost is due to experimental
production since the fuel cell is not yet mass-
produced. The goal is developing a fuel cell that is par
with a diesel engine in terms of cost.

CONCLUSION:
 The concept of interconnection of residential dwellings
with the energy networks of electricity, heat and
hydrogen are present in this paper .It provides
considerable effects on carbon dioxide mitigation and
energy conservation
 If the technological and infrastructure
barriers can be remedied, fuel cells provide enormous
environmental, economic, and political benefits. If these
benefits are to be realized we must commit to the
technological and infrastructure developments that are
required advancement



 K  YO U
THA N