Department of Chemical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Warangal

________________________________________________________

Academic Year

: 2014-15, I Semester, II Biotech

Course

: CH235 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer

Instructor

: Dr. V. Ramsagar

Mechanical energy equation:

The general eq states that the rate of increase in kinetic energy per
unit mass equals rate of input of kinetic energy by various ways: rate
of work done by the pre of surroundings, rate of work done by
viscous forces and rate of work done by gravity, mechanical energy
added to fluid by pump or blower.

The energy eqn is extended to simple case: fluids with const

density and zero viscosity
euler eqn.
unidirectional flow Vy & Vz are zero

Energy eqn for potential flow: Bernoulli eqn without friction

The above eq is in FPS units, Remove gc for other units

MECHANICAL-ENERGY EQUATION. Each of the terms have dimensions of energy per unit
mass. Each term represents a mechanical-energy effect based on a unit mass of flowing
fluid.
are the mechanical potential and mechanical kinetic energy,
respectively, of a unit mass of fluid,

represents mechanical work done by forces, external to the stream, on the fluid in
pushing it into the tube or the work recovered from the fluid leaving the tube.

Discussion of the Bernoulli equation. In the absence of friction, when the velocity u is
reduced, either the height above datum Z or the pressure p or both must increase. When
the velocity increases, it does so only at the expense of Z or p.
Although in the derivation the assumption was made that the stream tube is straight, the
principle of conservation of energy permits the extension of the equation to potential
flow taking place in curved stream tubes.
In all real situations there are some friction losses in the fluid and some variation of
velocity within a cross section of the tube, but in some cases these are small enough to be
ignored. In other situations, by the use of correction factors the equation can be modified
for use in boundary-layer flow, where velocity variations within a cross section occur and
friction effects are active.

BERNOULLI EQUATION: CORRECTION FOR EFFECTS OF SOLID BOUNDARIES

streams that are influenced by solid boundaries and therefore contain boundary layers
Modifications required to cover these practical situations:
Correction of the kinetic-energy term for the variation of local velocity u with position in
the boundary layer
The second, of major importance, is the correction of the equation for the existence of
fluid friction
KINETIC ENERGY OF STREAM:
u2/2gc is the kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid flowing at same velocity u.
When the velocity varies across the stream cross section
Consider the element of cross-sectional area dS. The mass flow rate through this is pu dS.
Each unit mass of fluid flowing through area dS carries kinetic energy in amount u2/2gc

Total energy flow rate through the area

For entire cross section S

Kinetic-energy correction factor.

CORRECTION OF BERNOULLI EQUATION FOR FLUID FRICTION. Friction evident itself by

the disappearance of mechanical energy.
In frictional flow the quantity

is not constant along a streamline

Fluid friction can be defined as any conversion of mechanical energy into heat in a
flowing stream

The units of hf and those of all other terms in eq are energy per unit mass.
The term hf represents all the friction generated per unit mass of fluid (and therefore all
the conversion of mechanical energy into heat) that occurs in the fluid between stations a
and b.

Friction differ from all other terms in two ways:

The mechanical terms represent conditions at specific locations, namely, the inlet and
outlet stations a and b, whereas hf represents the loss of mechanical energy at all points
between stations a and b.
Friction is not interconvertible with the mechanical-energy quantities.

The sign of hf as defined by energy eqn, is always positive. It is zero in potential flow.
Friction appears in boundary layers because the work done by shear forces in maintaining
the velocity gradients in both laminar and turbulent flow is eventually converted into heat
by viscous action.
Friction generated in unseparated boundary layers is called skin Fiction.
When boundary layers separate and form wakes, additional energy dissipation appears
within the wake and friction of this type is called Form Friction and it is a function of the
position and shape of the solid.
Problem:
A water tank is 9.14 m in diameter, and normal depth is 7.62 m. The outlet is 0.1 m
horizontal pipe at the bottom. If this pipe is sheared off close to the tank, what is the
initial flow rate from the tank. How long will it take the tank to be empty. Calculate avg
flow rate and compare it with the initial flow rate.