Chapter 6

Telecommunications and
Networks
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Communications
Communications
The message (data and information) is
communicated via the signal
The transmission medium carries the signal
Transmission
medium
Sender

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Signal

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Receiver

Communications Discussion
The transmission of data from one computer to another, or from one
device to another. A communications device, therefore, is any
machine that assists data transmission. For example, modems,
cables, and ports are all communications devices. Communications
software refers to programs that make it possible to transmit data.

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Telecommunications
Telecommunications
The electronic transmission of signals for
communications, including such means as:
Telephone
Radio
Television

Telecommunication medium
Anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces
between a sending device and a receiving device

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Communications and
Telecommunications
In human speech, the sender transmits a signal through

the transmission medium of the air

In telecommunications, the sender transmits a signal
through the transmission medium of a cable

Schematic
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Data Communications
Data communications
A specialized subset of telecommunications
that refers to the electronic collection,
processing, and distribution of data -- typically
between computer system hardware devices

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Elements of a
Telecommunications System
Telecommunication devices
Relay signals between computer systems and
transmission media

Schematic
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Computer Network
Computer network
The communications media, devices, and
software needed to connect two or more
computer systems and/or devices
Used to share hardware, programs, and
databases across the organization
Fosters teamwork, innovative ideas, and new
business strategies
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (1)
Twisted pair wire cable
Insulated pairs of wires historically used in
telephone service and to connect computer
devices

Coaxial cable
Consists of an inner conductor wire
surrounded by insulation, called the dielectric
The dielectric is surrounded by a conductive
shield, which is surrounded by a nonconductive jacket. Coaxial cable has better
data transmission rate than twisted pair
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Twisted-pair Discussion
A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires
twisted around one another. One wire carries the signal while the
other wire is grounded and absorbs signal interference. Twisted-pair
cable is used by older telephone networks and is the least expensive
type of local-area network (LAN) cable. Other types of cables used
for LANs include coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.

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Coaxial Cable Discussion

A type of wire that consists of a centre wire surrounded by
insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield
minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference.
Coaxial cabling is the primary type of cabling used by the cable
television industry and is also widely used for computer networks.
Although more expensive than standard telephone wire, it is much
less susceptible to interference and can carry much more data.
Because the cable television industry has already connected millions
of homes with coaxial cable, many analysts believe that they are
the best positioned to capitalize on the much-heralded information
highway.
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (2)
Fiber-optic Cable
Many extremely thin
strands of glass or plastic
bound together in a
sheathing which
transmits signals with
light beams
Can be used for voice,
data, and video

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Fiber Optic Discussion (1)

A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit
data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each
of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light
waves.
Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal
communications lines:
Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This

means that they can carry more data

Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference
Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires
Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather
than analogically.

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Fiber Optic Discussion (2)

The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are
expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and
are difficult to split.
Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area
networks. In addition, telephone companies are steadily replacing
traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future,
almost all communications will employ fiber optics.

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Types of Telecommunications
Media (3)
Microwave Communications
Line-of-sight devices which must be placed in

relatively high locations

Microwave usage
Information is converted to a microwave signal, sent
through the air to a receiver, and recovered

Pretty picture
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (4)
Satellite transmission
Communications satellites are relay stations that

receive signals from one earth station and

rebroadcast them to another
They use microwave signals

Pretty picture
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (5)
Cellular transmission
Signals from cells are transmitted to a receiver and
integrated into the regular network

Pretty picture
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Cellular Discussion
Refers to communications systems, especially the Advance Mobile
Phone Service (AMPS), that divide a geographic region into sections,
called cells. The purpose of this division is to make the most use out
of a limited number of transmission frequencies. Each connection, or
conversation, requires its own dedicated frequency, and the total
number of available frequencies is about 1,000. To support more
than 1,000 simultaneous conversations, cellular systems allocate a
set number of frequencies for each cell. Two cells can use the same
frequency for different conversations so long as the cells are not
adjacent to each other.
For digital communications, several competing cellular systems exist,
including GSM and CDMA.
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (6)
Infrared transmission
Involves sending signals through the air via light

waves
Requires line-of-sight and short distances (a few
hundred yards)
Used to connect various computing devices such
as handheld computers
Sorry, no pretty picture!

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Terminology
Analog Signal
A continuous, curving signal
Digital Signal
A signal represented by bits
Modems
Devices that translate data from digital to
analog and analog to digital
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Analog Discussion (1)

Almost everything in the world can be described or represented in
one of two forms: analog or digital. The principal feature of analog
representations is that they are continuous. In contrast, digital
representations consist of values measured at discrete intervals.
Digital watches are called digital because they go from one value to
the next without displaying all intermediate values. Consequently,
they can display only a finite number of times of the day. In
contrast, watches with hands are analog, because the hands move
continuously around the clock face. As the minute hand goes
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Analog Discussion (1)

around, it not only touches the numbers 1 through 12, but also the
infinite number of points in between.
Early attempts at building computers used analog techniques, but
accuracy and reliability were not good enough. Today, almost all
computers are digital.

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Digital Discussion (1)

Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events.
Computers are digital machines because at their most basic level
they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and
on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in between,
such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be encoded
digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.
The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in
which the hands move continuously around the face. Such a clock is
capable of indicating every possible time of day. In contrast, a
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Digital Discussion (2)

digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times
(every tenth of a second, for example).
In general, humans experience the world analogically. Vision, for
example, is an analog experience because we perceive infinitely
smooth gradations of shapes and colors. Most analog events,
however, can be simulated digitally. Photographs in newspapers, for
instance, consist of an array of dots that are either black or white.
From afar, the viewer does not see the dots (the digital form), but
only lines and shading, which appear to be continuous. Although
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Digital Discussion (3)

digital representations are approximations of analog events, they are
useful because they are relatively easy to store and manipulate
electronically. The trick is in converting from analog to digital, and
back again.
This is the principle behind compact discs (CDs). The music itself
exists in an analog form, as waves in the air, but these sounds are
then translated into a digital form that is encoded onto the disk.
When you play a compact disc, the CD player reads the digital data,
translates it back into its original analog form, and sends it to the
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Digital Discussion (4)

amplifier and eventually the speakers.
Internally, computers are digital because they consist of discrete
units called bits that are either on or off. But by combining many
bits in complex ways, computers simulate analog events. In one
sense, this is what computer science is all about.

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How a Modem Works

Modem
Modulates a digital signal into an analog signal
for transmission via analog medium, then
demodulates the signal into digital for
receiving

Pretty picture
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Modem Discussion (1)

Acronym for modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or
program that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone
lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog
waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external
modems to computers called RS-232. Consequently, any external
modem can be attached to any computer that has an RS-232 port,
which almost all personal computers have. There are also modems
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Modem Discussion (2)

that come as an expansion board that you can insert into a vacant
expansion slot. These are sometimes called onboard or internal
modems.

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Multiplexer
Multiplexer
Allows several telecommunications signals to
be transmitted over a single communications
medium at the same time

Pretty picture
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Communications
link

Multiplexor

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Front-end
processor

Host
computer

Multiplexor Discussion
A communications device that multiplexes (combines) several signals
for transmission over a single medium. A demultiplexor completes
the process by separating multiplexed signals from a transmission
line. Frequently a multiplexor and demultiplexor are combined into a
single device capable of processing both outgoing and incoming
signals.
A multiplexor is sometimes called a mux.

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Front-End Processor
Front-end processor
Special purpose computers that manage
communication to and from a computer system

Pretty picture
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Incoming and
outgoing jobs

Job 1

Job 2

Job 3
Main
system

Front-end
processor

Job 4

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Carriers and Services (1)

Carriers
Organizations that take the responsibility of ensuring telecommunications can
effectively take place between enterprises

Common carriers
Long-distance telephone companies
Value-added carriers
Companies that have developed private telecommunications systems and
offer their services for a fee

Switched lines
Lines that use switching equipment to allow one transmission device to be
connected to other transmission devices (e.g., standard telephone line)

Dedicated line
A line that provides constant connection between two points. No switching or
dialing is needed

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Carriers and Services (2)

Private branch exchange (PBX)

Communication system that can manage both voice and data transfer
within a location (e.g. a building) and to outside lines

Wide area telecommunication service (WATS)

Billing method for heavy users of voice services

Phone and dialing services

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Includes automatic number identification (a.k.a. caller ID)

Integration of telephones and personal computers
Access code screening
Call priorities
One number portability (use anywhere)
Intelligent dialing (auto re-dial for a busy number)

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Carriers and Services (3)

ISDN
ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network
Technology that uses existing common-carrier lines
to simultaneously transmit voice, video, and image
data in digital form

Pretty picture
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Carriers and Services (4)

T1 carriers
An expensive service developed by AT&T to
increase the number of voice calls that could be
handled through existing cables

Digital subscriber lines (DSL)

Uses existing phone wires going into todays homes
and businesses to provide transmission speeds
exceeding 500 Kbps at a cost of $100 - $300 per
month
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Networks and Distributed

Processing
Centralized processing
Data processing that occurs in a single location or
facility

Decentralized processing
Data processing that occurs when devices are placed at
various remote locations

Distributed processing
Data processing that occurs when computers are
placed at remote locations but are connected to each
other via telecommunications devices
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Network Concepts and

Considerations
Network Topology
A logical model that describes how networks
are structured or configured
Topologies
Ring (see chapter 1)
Bus (see chapter 1)
Star (see chapter 1)
Hierarchical
Hybrid
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Hierarchical
Uses treelike structures
with messages passed
along the branches of the
hierarchy

Hybrid
Network made up of
various types of
topologies

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Network Types
Local area network (LAN)
Connects computer systems and devices in the same
geographic area (can be Ring, Bus, Hierarchical, Star,
Hybrid)

Wide area network (WAN)

Ties together large geographic regions using
microwave and satellite transmission or telephone
lines

International network
Links systems between countries
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Terminal-to-Host Connection
Applications and databases reside on the same
host computer
User interacts with the application using a
dumb terminal
Target PC
dumb terminal

Host
computer

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File Server Connection

Applications and databases reside on the same
host computer
File server transfers data and programs to PCs
on the network, where these target PCs
perform most of the processing
Target PC

File downloaded
to user
File server

Host
computer
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Client/Server Connection
Applications and databases reside on
specialized host computers
Servers do most or all of the processing and
transmit the results to the client
Client

Server
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Server

Client

Server

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Advantages & Disadvantages of

Client/Server
Advantages

Disadvantages

Reduced cost potential

Improved Performance
Increased Security

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Increased cost potential

Loss of control
Complex multi-vendor
environment

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Communications Software and

Protocols (1)
Communications software
Provides error checking, message formatting, communications
logs, data security and privacy, and translation capabilities for
networks

Network operating system (NOS)

Systems software that controls the computer systems and
devices on a network and allows them to communicate with
each other

Network management software

Enables a manager on a networked desktop to monitor the use
of individual computers and shared hardware, scan for viruses,
and ensure compliance with software licenses
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Communications Software and

Protocols (2)
Protocol
Rules that ensure communications among
computers of different types and from different
manufacturers.

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Communications Software and

Protocols (3)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
Serves as a standard model for network architectures

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and is endorsed by the International Standards

Committee
Communication functions are represented in seven
layers to promote the development of modular
networks. Designed to permit communication among
different computers from different operating systems
Seven layers (see figure 6.20)
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Communications Software and

Protocols (4)
TCP/IP
TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Standard originally developed by the U.S. government to link
defense research agencies; it is the primary communication
protocol of the Internet

Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

IBM communication protocol

Ethernet
Protocol standard developed forLANs using a bus topology

X.400 and X.500

An international standard for message handling and network
directories
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Bridges, Routers,
Gateways and Switches
Bridge
Connects two or more networks, with the same protocol, at the
media control portions of the data link layer

Router
Operates at the network level of the OSI model and features
more sophisticated addressing software than bridges. Can
determine preferred paths

Gateway
Operates at or above the OSI transport layer and links LANs
or networks that employ different architectures and use
dissimilar protocols

Switch

Schematic

Routes or switches data to its destination

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Machine
#1

Gateway
box

Machine
#2

Machine
#3

Application 7

Presentation 6

Session 5

Transport 4

Bridge
box

Network 3

Router
box

Machine
#4

Data link 2

Physical 1

Media
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Telecommunications
Applications (1)
Linking personal computers to mainframe
computers
Download and upload information
Voice mail
Enables users to leave, receive, and store verbal
messages for and from other users

Electronic mail (e-mail)

Enables a sender to connect a computer to a network,
type messages, and send it to another person on the
network
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Telecommunications
Applications (2)
Electronic software distribution
Involves installing software on a file server for users to share
by signing onto the network and requesting that the software
be downloaded onto their computers over a network

Electronic document distribution

Transporting documents -- such as sales reports, policy
manuals, and advertising brochures -- over communications
lines and networks

Telecommuting
Enables employees to work away from the office using
personal computers and networks to communicate via
electronic mail with other workers and to pick up and deliver
results
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Telecommunications
Applications (3)
Videoconferencing
Allows participants to conduct long-distance
meetings face to face while eliminating

Pretty picture
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Telecommunications
Applications (4)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Uses network systems and follows standards and
procedures that allow output from one system to be
processed directly as input to other systems, without
human intervention

Pretty picture
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EDI link

Vendor

Customer

(a)

EDI link

EDI link

Third-party
clearing house

(b)
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Vendor

Customer

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Telecommunications
Applications (5)
Public network services
Services that give personal computer users access to
vast databases and other services, usually for an initial
fee plus usage fees

Specialized and regional information services

Specialized electronic bulletin boards and e-mail
services targeting particular interests.

Distance learning
Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom
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End of Chapter 6
Chapter 7
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